Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 212
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2011
Print publication year:
2011
Online ISBN:
9780511976735
Subjects:
Social Theory, Social Psychology, Sociology: General Interest, Psychology, Sociology

Book description

Social influence network theory presents a mathematical formalization of the social process of attitude changes that unfolds in a social network of interpersonal influences. This book brings the theory to bear on lines of research in the domain of small group dynamics concerned with changes of group members' positions on an issue, including the formation of consensus and of settled disagreement, via endogenous interpersonal influences, in which group members are responding to the displayed positions of the members of the group. Social influence network theory advances a dynamic social cognition mechanism, in which individuals are weighing and combining their own and others' positions on an issue in the revision of their own positions. The influence network construct of the theory is the social structure of the endogenous interpersonal influences that are involved in this mechanism. With this theory, the authors seek to lay the foundation for a better formal integration of classical and current lines of work on small groups in psychological and sociological social psychology.

Reviews

Social Influence Network Theory pivots on a process model of attitude formation and change that accords pride of place to interpersonal influences mediated by social connections. Friedkin and Johnsen bring contemporary social network theory to bear on fundamental and long-standing puzzles about group process and functioning, including consensus formation, polarization, factionalization, and decision making. Their book – a potent and welcome contribution to social network science – both demands and gives serious attention to how and why ‘network effects’ operate, on individuals and groups alike.” – Peter V. Marsden, Harvard University

“This book provides an elegant formal model of the social influence process among people in groups and social networks and shows how this model can be used to illuminate and integrate basic processes in group dynamics such as social comparison, majority/minority influence, group polarization, and the effects of status structures. Social scientists have long acknowledged that the social influence process is central to the ways that individuals think and act and social structures emerge. This book shows how we can systemize our understanding of this core social process and gain a powerful analytic purchase on the ways that people make groups and groups make people. It is a must read for serious students of group dynamics, especially mathematically oriented ones.” – Cecilia L. Ridgeway, Lucie Stern Professor, Stanford University

“Summarizing their thoughts over many years, Noah Friedkin and Eugene Johnsen have written a book that will influence the way people think about influence in small groups for years to come.” – Peter Bearman, Columbia University

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Abelson, R. P. and Levi, A.. 1985. “Decision making and decision theory.” Pp. 231–308 in Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 1, edited by Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E.. New York: Random House.
Abelson, R. P. 1964. “Mathematical models of the distribution of attitudes under controversy.” Pp. 142–60 in Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, edited by Frederiksen, N. and Gulliksen, H.. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Abrams, D. and Hogg, M. A.. 1990a. “Social identification, self-categorization and social influence.” Pp. 195–228 in European Review of Social Psychology, vol. 1, edited by Stroebe, W. and Hewstone, M.. Chichester: Wiley.
Abrams, D. and Hogg, M. A.. 1990b. Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Abrams, D., Wetherell, M. S., Cochrane, S., and Hogg, M. A.. 1990. “Knowing what to think by knowing who you are: Self-categorization and the nature of norm formation, conformity and group polarization.” British Journal of Social Psychology 29:97–119.
Ajzen, I. 1988. Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
Aldag, R. J. and Fuller, S. R.. 1993. “Beyond fiasco: A reappraisal of the groupthink phenomenon and a new model of group decision processes.” Psychological Bulletin 113:533–52.
Alexander, J. C., Giesen, B., Munch, R., and Smelser, N. J.. 1987. The Micro–Macro Link. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Allen, V. L. 1965. “Situational factors in conformity.” Pp. 133–75 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 2, edited by Berkowitz, L.. New York: Academic Press.
Allen, V. L. 1975. “Social support for nonconformity.” Pp. 2–43 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 8, edited by Berkowitz, L.. New York: Academic Press.
Allison, S. T. and Messick, D. M.. 1987. “From individual inputs to group outputs, and back again.” Pp. 111–43 in Group Processes, edited by Hendrick, C.. Newbury Park: Sage.
Allport, F. H. 1924. Social Psychology. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Allport, F. H.. 1962. “A structuronomic conception of behavior: Individual and collective.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 64:3–30.
Allport, F. H. and Hartman, D. A.. 1925. “The measurement and motivation of atypical opinion in a certain group.” American Political Science Review 19:753–63.
Anderson, N. H. 1981. Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.
Anderson, N. H. 1991a. Contributions to Information Integration Theory, Vol. I: Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Anderson, N. H. 1991b. Contributions to Information Integration Theory, Vol. II: Social. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Anderson, N. H. 1996. A Functional Theory of Cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawarence Erlbaum.
Anderson, N. H. and Graesser, C. C.. 1976. “An information integration analysis of attitude change in group discussion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34:210–22.
Anderson, N. H. and Hovland, C.. 1957. “The representation of order effects in communication research.” Pp. 158–69 in The Order of Presentation in Persuasion, edited by Hovland, C.. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Anselin, L. 1988. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Aronson, E., Turner, J. A., and Carlsmith, J. M.. 1963. “Communicator credibility and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion change.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67:31–6.
Arrow, H. 1997. “Stability, bistability, and instability in small group influence patterns.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72:75–85.
Asch, S. E. 1951. “Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment.” Pp. 117–90 in Groups, Leadership and Men, edited by Guetzkow, M. H.. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Press.
Asch, S. E. 1952. Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Asch, S. E. 1956. “Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority.” Psychological Monographs 70:1–70.
Back, K. W. 1951. “Influence through social communication.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46:9–23.
Bales, R. F. 1950. Interaction Process Analysis. New York: Addison-Wesley.
Balkwell, J. W. 1991. “From expectations to behavior: An improved postulate for expectation states theory.” American Sociological Review 56:355–69.
Bargh, J. A. and Ferguson, M. J.. 2000. “Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes.” Psychological Bulletin 126:925–45.
Barnlund, D. C. 1959. “A comparative study of individual, majority, and group judgment.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 58:55–60.
Baron, R. S. and Roper, G.. 1976. “Reaffirmation of social comparison views of choice shifts: Averaging and extremity effects in an autokinetic situation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33:521–30.
Baron, R. S., Hoppe, S. I., Kao, C. F., Brunsman, B., Linneweh, B., and Rogers, D.. 1996. “Social corroboration and opinion extremity.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 32:537–60.
Baron, R. S., Kerr, N. L., and Miller, N.. 1992. Group Process, Group Decision, Group Action. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Berger, J., Conner, T. L., and Fisek, M. H.. 1974. “Expectation states theory: A theoretical research program.” Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.
Berger, J., Fisek, M. H., Norman, R. Z., and Zelditch, M.. 1977. Status Characteristics and Social Interaction. New York: Elsevier.
Berger, J., Wagner, D. G., and Zelditch, M.. 1985. “Expectation states theory: Review and assessment.” Pp. 1–72 in Status, Rewards and Influence, edited by Berger, J. and Zelditch, M. J.. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Berger, R. L. 1981. “A necessary and sufficient condition for reaching a consensus using DeGroot's method.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 76:415–18.
Bergin, A. E. 1967. “The effect of dissonant persuasive communications upon changes in a self-referring attitude.” Journal of Personality 30:423–38.
Berkowitz, L. 1989. “Frustration–aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation.” Psychological Bulletin 106: 59–73.
Blascovich, J., Ginsburg, G. P., and Veach, T. L.. 1975. “A pluralistic explanation of choice shifts on the risk dimension.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31:422–9.
Blau, P.M. 1977. Inequality and Heterogeneity. New York: The Free Press.
Blumer, H. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bochner, S. and Insko, C. A.. 1966. “Communicator discrepancy, source credibility, and opinion change.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4:614–21.
Bond, R. and Smith, P. B.. 1996. “Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task.” Psychological Bulletin 119:111–37.
Bonner, H. 1959. Group Dynamics: Principles and Applications. New York: Ronald Press.
Bourgeois, M. and Friedkin, N. E.. 2001. “The distant core: Social solidarity, social distance and interpersonal ties in core–periphery structures.” Social Networks 23:245–60.
Bovard, E. W. 1948. “Social norms and the individual.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 43:62–9.
Brandstatter, H., Davis, J. H., and G. Stocker-Kreichgauer, . 1982. Group Decision Making. London: Academic Press.
Brodbeck, M. 1956. “The role of small groups in mediating the effects of propaganda.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 52:166–70.
Brown, R. 1965. Social Psychology. New York: Free Press.
Bryk, A. S. and Raudenbush, S. W.. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Burnstein, E. 1982. “Persuasion as argument processing.” Pp. 103–24 in Contemporary Problems in Group Decision-Making, edited by Davis, J. H. and Stocker-Kreichgauer, G.. New York: Academic Press.
Burnstein, E. and Vinokur, A.. 1973. “Testing two classes of theories about group-induced shifts in individual choice.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 9:123–37.
Burnstein, E. and Vinokur, A.. 1977. “Persuasive argumentation and social comparison as determinants of attitude polarization.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13:315–32.
Burt, R. S. 1987. “Social contagion and innovation: Cohesion versus structural equivalence.” American Journal of Sociology 92:1287–1335.
Cantril, H. 1946a. Gauging Public Opinion. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press.
Cantril, H. 1946b. “The intensity of an attitude.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 41:129–35.
Carley, K. 1990. “Group stability: A socio-cognitive approach.” Advances in Group Processes 7:1–44.
Carley, K. 1991. “A theory of group stability.” American Sociological Review 56:331–54.
Cartwright, D. 1958. “Some things learned: An evaluative history of the research center for group dynamics.” The Journal of Social Issues 12:3–19.
Cartwright, D. 1971. “Risk taking by individuals and groups: An assessment of research employing choice dilemmas.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 20:361–78.
Cartwright, D. 1973. “Determinants of scientific progress: The case of research on the risky shift.” American Psychologist 28:222–31.
Cartwright, D. and Harary, F.. 1956. “Structural balance: A generalization of Heider's theory.” Psychological Review 63: 277–93.
Cartwright, D. and Zander, A.. 1968. Group Dynamics: Research and Theory. New York: Harper & Row.
Castellan, N. J., Jr, . 1993. Individual and Group Decision Making: Current Issues. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chaiken, S., Wood, W., and Eagly, A. H.. 1996. “Principles of persuasion.” Pp. 702–42 in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, edited by Higgins, E. T. and Kruglanski, A. W.. New York: Guilford.
Charon, J. M. 2001. Symbolic Interactionism. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Chatterjee, S. and Seneta, E.. 1977. “Towards consensus: Some convergence theorems on repeated averaging.” Journal of Applied Probability 14:89–97.
Cialdini, R. B. and Trost, M. R.. 1998. “Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance.” Pp. 151–92 in The Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 2, edited by Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., and Boston:, G. Lindzey.McGraw-Hill.
Clark, R. D. 1971. “Group-induced shift toward risk.” Psychological Bulletin 76:251–70.
Cohen, A. R. 1959. “Communication discrepancy and attitude change.” Journal of Personality 27:386–96.
Coleman, J. S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Coleman, J. S., Katz, E., and Menzel, H.. 1966. Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Study. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Cooley, C. H. 1962. Social Organization. New York: Schocken.
Cooley, C. H. [1902] 1983. Human Nature and the Social Order. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.
Coombs, C. H. 1964. A Theory of Data. New York: Wiley.
Cramer, D. 1975. “A critical note on two studies of minority influence.” European Journal of Social Influence 5:257–60.
Crutchfield, R. S. 1955. “Conformity and character.” American Psychologist 10:191–8.
Dalkey, N. C. 1972. Studies in the Quality of Life. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
David, B. and Turner, J. C.. 1996. “Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the outgroup an advantage?British Journal of Social Psychology 38:115–34.
Davis, J. A. 1970. “Clustering and hierarchy in interpersonal relations: Testing two graph theoretical models on 742 sociomatrices.” American Sociological Review 35:843–52.
Davis, J. H. 1973. “Group decision and social interaction: A theory of social decision schemes.” Psychological Review 80:97–125.
Davis, J. H. 1982. “Social interaction as a combinatorial process in group decision.” Pp. 27–58 in Group Decision Making, edited by Brandstatter, H., Davis, J. H., and Stocker-Kreichgauer, G.. London: Academic Press.
Davis, J. H. 1996. “Group decision making and quantitative judgments: A consensus model.” Pp. 35–59 in Understanding Group Behavior: Consensual Action by Small Groups, edited by Witte, E. H. and Davis, J. H.. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Davis, J. H., Laughlin, P. R., and Komorita, S. S.. 1976. “The social psychology of small groups: Cooperative and mixed-motive interaction.” Annual Review of Psychology 27:501–41.
Deaux, K. and Daniela, M.. 2003. “Interpersonal networks and social categories: Specifying levels of context in identity processes.” Social Psychology Quarterly 66:101–17.
DeGroot, M. H. 1974. “Reaching a consensus.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 69:118–21.
Deutsch, M. and Gerard, H. B.. 1955. “A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51:629–36.
Dion, K. L., Baron, R. S., and Miller, N.. 1970. “Why do groups make riskier decisions than individuals?” Pp. 305–77 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by Berkowitz, L.. San Diego: Academic Press.
Doms, M. 1984. “The minority influence effect: An alternative approach.” Pp. 1–33 in Current Issues in European Social Psychology, vol. 1, edited by Doise, W. and Moscovici, S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Doms, M. and Avermaet, E. V.. 1980. “Majority influence, minority influence and conversion behavior: A replication.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16:283–92.
Doreian, P. 1981. “Estimating linear models with spatially distributed data.” Pp. 359–88 in Sociological Methodology, edited by Leinhardt, S.. San Fransico: Jossey-Bass.
Doreian, P. and Stokman, F. N.. 1997. Evolution of Social Networks. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
Dreu, C. K. W. D. and Vries, N. K. D.. 2001. Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Oxford: Blackwell.
Driskell, J. E. and Webster, M.. 1997. “Status and sentiment in task groups.” Pp. 179–200 in Status, Network, and Structure, edited by Szmatka, J., Skvoretz, J., and Berger, J.. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Duncan, B. and Duncan, O. D.. 1978. “Interaction of spouses with respect to an unobserved attitude.” Pp. 291–6 in Sex Typing and Social Roles. New York: Academic Press.
Duncan, O. D., Haller, A. O., and Portes, A.. 1968. “Peer influences on aspirations: A reinterpretation.” American Journal of Sociology 74:119–37.
Eagly, A. H. and Chaiken, S.. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace & Company.
Erbring, L. and Young, A. A.. 1979. “Individuals and social structure: Contextual effects as endogenous feedback.” Sociological Methods & Research 7:396–430.
Feld, S. L. 1981. “The focused organization of social ties.” American Journal of Sociology 86:1015–35.
Ferguson, D. A. and Vidmar, N. 1971. “Effects of group discussion on estimates of culturally appropriate risk levels.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 20: 436–45.
Festinger, Leon. 1950. “Informal social communication.” Psychological Review 57:271–82.
Festinger, Leon. 1953. “An analysis of compliant behavior.” Pp. 232–56 in Group Relations at the Crossroads, edited by Sherif, M. and Wilson, M. O.. New York: Harper.
Festinger, Leon. 1954. “A theory of social comparison processes.” Human Relations 7:117–40.
Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Festinger, Leon. 1964. Conflict, Decision, and Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Festinger, L. and Aronson, E.. 1968. “Arousal and reduction of dissonance in social contexts.” Pp. 125–36 in Group Dynamics, edited by Cartwright, D. and Zander, A.. New York: Harper & Row.
Festinger, L., Gerard, H. B., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H. H., and Raven, B.. 1952. “The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates.” Human Relations 5:327–46.
Festinger, Leon, Schachter, S., and Back, K. W.. 1950. Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. New York: Harper.
Fink, E. L., Kaplowitz, S. A., and Bauer, C. L.. 1983. “Positional discrepancy, psychological discrepancy, and attitude change: Experimental tests of some mathematical models.” Communication Monographs 50:413–30.
Fisek, M. Hamit and Berger, Joseph. 1998. “Sentiment and task performance expectations.” Pp. 23–40 in Advances in Group Processes, edited by Skvoretz, J. and Szmatka, J.. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Fisek, M. H., Berger, J., and Norman, R. Z.. 1991. “Participation in heterogeneous and homogeneous groups: A theoretical integration.” American Journal of Sociology 97:114–42.
Fisek, M. H., Berger, J., and Norman, R. Z.. 1995. “Evaluations and the formation of expectations.” American Journal of Sociology 101:721–46.
Fisek, M. H., Norman, R. Z., and Nelson-Kilger, M.. 1992. “Status characteristics and expectation states theory: A priori model parameters and test.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 16:285–303.
Fisek, M. H. and Ofshe, R.. 1970. “The process of status evolution.” Sociometry 33:327–46.
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I.. 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fisher, S. and Lubin, A.. 1958. “Distance as a determinant of influence in a two-person serial interaction situation.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56:230–38.
Fraser, C., Gouge, C., and Billig, M.. 1971. “Risky shifts, cautious shifts, and group polarization.” European Journal of Social Psychology 1:7–30.
Freeman, L. C. 1992. “The sociological concept of ‘group’ : An empirical test of two models.” American Journal of Sociology 98:152–66.
French, J. R. P.. 1956. “A formal theory of social power.” The Psychological Review 63:181–94.
French, J. R. P. and Raven, B.. 1959. “The bases of social power.” Pp. 150–67 in Studies of Social Power, edited by Cartwright, D.. Arbor, Ann, MI: Institute for Social Research.
Friedkin, Noah E. 1986. “A formal theory of social power.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 12:103–26.
Friedkin, Noah E. 1990. “Social networks in structural equation models.” Social Psychology Quarterly 53:316–28.
Friedkin, Noah E. 1991. “Theoretical foundations for centrality measures.” American Journal of Sociology 96:1478–1504.
Friedkin, Noah E. 1998. A Structural Theory of Social Influence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Friedkin, Noah E. 1999. “Choice shift and group polarization.” American Sociological Review 64:856–75.
Friedkin, Noah E. 2001. “Norm formation in social influence networks.” Social Networks 23:167–89.
Friedkin, N. E. and Cook, K. S.. 1990. “Peer group influence.” Sociological Methods & Research 19:122–43.
Friedkin, N. E. and Johnsen, E. C.. 1990. “Social influence and opinions.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 15:193–206.
Friedkin, N. E. and Johnsen, E. C. 1997. “Social positions in influence networks.” Social Networks 19:209–22.
Friedkin, N. E. and Johnsen, E. C. 1999. “Social influence networks and opinion change.” Advances in Group Processes 16:1–29.
Friedkin, N. E. and Johnsen, E. C. 2002. “Control loss and Fayol's gangplanks.” Social Networks 24:395–406.
Friedkin, N. E. and Johnsen, E. C. 2003. “Attitude change, affect control, and expectation states in the formation of influence networks.” Advances in Group Processes 20:1–29.
Galam, S. and Moscovici, S.. 1991. “Towards a theory of collective phenomena: Consensus and attitude changes in groups.” Eurpean Journal of Social Psychology 21:49–74.
Gantmacher, F. R. 1959. The Theory of Matrices, Vol. Two. New York:Chelsea.
Gerard, H. B. 1954. “The anchorage of opinions in face-to-face groups.” Human Relations 7:313–25.
Gerard, H. B. and Miller, N.. 1967. “Group dynamics.” Annual Review of Psychology 18:287–332.
Goethals, G. R. 1972. “Consensus and modality in the attribution process: The role of similarity and information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21:84–92.
Goethals, G. R. and Darley, J. M.. 1977. “Social comparison theory: An attributional approach.” Pp. 259–78 in Social Comparison Processes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, edited by Suls, J. M. and , R. L. Miller.Washington, DC: Halsted-Wiley.
Goethals, G. R. and Nelson, R. E.. 1973. “Similarity in the influence process: The belief–value distinction.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 25:117–22.
Goethals, G. R. and Zanna, M. P.. 1979. “The role of social comparison in choice shifts.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37:1469–76.
Goldberg, S. C. 1954. “Three situational determinants of conformity to social norms.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49:325–9.
Gordon, B. F. 1966. “Influence and social comparison as motives for affiliation.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Supplement I: 55–65.
Gould, R. V. 1993. “Collective action and network structure.”American Sociological Review 58: 182–96.
Graesser, C. C. 1991. “A social averaging theorem for group decision making.” Pp. 1–40 in Contributions to Information Integration Theory, vol. 2, edited by Anderson, N. H.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Granovetter, M. S. 1973. “The strength of weak ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–80.
Granovetter, M. S. 1978. “Threshold models of collective behavior.” American Journal of Sociology 83: 1420–43.
Greenwald, A. G. 1966. “Effects of prior commitment on behavior change after a persuasive communication.” Public Opinion Quarterly 29:595–601.
Harary, F. 1959. “A criterion for unanimity in French's theory of social power.” Pp. 168–82 in Studies in Social Power, edited by Cartwright, D.. Arbor, Ann, MI: Institute for Social Research.
Harary, F., Norman, R. Z., and Cartwright, D.. 1965. Structural Models: An Introduction to the Theory of Directed Graphs. New York: Wiley.
Hastie, R., Penrod, S., and Pennington, N.. 1983. Inside the Jury. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Heider, F. 1946. “Attitudes and cognitive organization.” Journal of Psychology 21:107–12.
Heise, D. R. 2002. “Understanding social interaction with affect control theory.” Pp. 17–40 in New Directions in Sociological Theory, edited by Berger, J. and Zelditch, M.. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield.
Helmreich, R., Bakeman, R., and Scherwitz, L.. 1973. “The study of small groups.” Annual Review of Psychology 24:337–54.
Hewitt, J. P. 2000. Self and Society. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Himmelfarb, S. 1974. “Resistance to persuasion induced by information integration.” Pp. 413–19 in Readings in Attitude Change, edited by Himmelfarb, S. and Eagly, A. H.. New York: Wiley.
Hogg, M. A. 1992. The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness. New York: New York University.
Hogg, M. A. and Abrams, D.. 1988. Social Identification: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. London/New York: Routledge.
Hogg, M. A. and Tindale, R. S.. 2001. “Social categorization, depersonalization, and group behavior.” Pp. 56–85 in Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Processes, edited by Hogg, M. A. and , R. S. Tindale.Oxford: Blackwell.
Hogg, M. A., Turner, J. C., and Davidson, B.. 1990. “Polarized norms and social frames of reference: A test of the self-categorization theory of group polarization.” Basic & Applied Social Psychology 11:77–100.
Homans, G. C. 1950. The Human Group. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Homans, G. C. 1961. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Homans, G. C. 1964. “Bringing men back in.” American Sociological Review 29:809–18.
Horowitz, Irving L. 1962. “Consensus, conflict and cooperation: A sociological inventory.” Social Forces 41:177–88.
Hovland, C. 1959. “Reconciling conflicting results derived from the experimental and survey studies of attitude change.” The American Psychologist 46:92–100.
Hovland, C. I., Harvey, O. J., and Sherif, M.. 1957. “Assimilation and contrast effects in reactions to communication and attitude change.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 55:244–52.
Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., and Kelley, H. H.. 1953. Communication and Persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hovland, C. and Pritzker, H.. 1957. “Extent of opinion change as a function of amount of change advocated.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 54:257–61.
Hox, J. 2002. Multilevel Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hubbell, C. H. 1965. “An input–output approach to clique identification.” Sociometry 28:377–99.
Hunter, F. 1953. Community Power Structure. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina.
Hunter, J. E., Danes, J. E., and Cohen, S. H.. 1984. Mathematical Models of Attitude Change. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Hutchinson, B. 1949. “Some problems of measuring the intensiveness of opinion and attitude.” International Journal of Opinion and Attitude Research 3:123–31.
Insko, C. A., Murashima, F., and Saiyadain, M.. 1966. “Communicator discrepancy, stimulus ambiguity, and balance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34:262–74.
Isenberg, D. J. 1986. “Group polarization: A critical review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50:1141–51.
Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Johnson, D. M. 1940. “Confidence and the expression of opinion.” Journal of Social Psychology 12:213–20.
Jones, E. E. 1985. “Major developments in social psychology during the past five decades.” Pp. 47–107 in Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 1, edited by Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E.. New York: Random House.
Kalkhoff, W. and Barnum, C.. 2000. “The effect of status-organizing and social identity processes on patterns of social influence.” Social Psychology Quarterly 63:95–115.
Kameda, T. and Sugimori, S.. 1993. “Psychological entrapment in group decision making: An assigned decision rule and a groupthink phenomenon.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:282–92.
Kaplan, M. F. and Miller, C. E.. 1983. “Group discussion and judgment.” Pp. 65–94 in Basic Group Processes, edited by Paulus, P. B.. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Kaplowitz, S. A. and Fink, E. L.. 1991. “Disentangling the effects of discrepant and disconfirming information.” Social Psychology Quarterly 54:191–207.
Katz, D. and Kahn, R. L.. 1978. The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: Wiley.
Kaufer, D. and Carley, K.. 1993. Communication at a Distance: The Effect of Print on Sociocultural Organization and Change. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kelley, H. H. 1955. “Salience of membership and resistance to change of group-anchored attitudes.” Human Relations 8:275–89.
Kelley, H. H. 1967. “Attribution theory in social psychology.” Pp. 410–14 in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, edited by Levine, D.. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
Kelley, H. H. and Lamb, T. W.. 1957. “Certainty of judgment and resistance to social influence.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 55:137–9.
Kelley, H. H. and Volkart, E. H.. 1952. “The resistance to change of group-anchored attitudes.” American Sociological Review 17:453–65.
Kelly, F. P. 1981. “How a group reaches agreement: A stochastic model.” Mathematical Social Sciences 2:1–8.
Kelvin, P. 1979. “Review of Moscovici (1976) ‘Social Influence and Social Change.’ ” European Journal of Social Psychology 9:441–6.
Kemper, T. D. and Collins, R.. 1990. “Dimensions of Microinteraction.” American Journal of Sociology 96:32–68.
Kent, M. V. 1994. “Conformity.” Pp. 107–37 in Small Group Research: A Handbook, edited by Hare, A. P. and Blumberg, H. H.. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Kerr, Norbert L. 1981. “Social transition schemes: Charting the group's road to agreement.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41:684–702.
Kerr, Norbert L. 1992. “Group decision making at a multialternative task: Extremity, interfaction distance, pluralities, and issue importance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 52:64–95.
Kerr, N. L. and MacCoun, R. J.. 1985. “The effects of jury size and polling method on the process and product of jury deliberation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48: 349–63.
Kreft, I. and Leeuw, J. D.. 1998. Introducing Multilevel Modeling. London: Sage.
Lamm, H. and Myers, D. G.. 1978. “Group-induced polarization of attitudes and behavior.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 11:145–95.
Latané, B. 1966. “Studies in social comparison: Introduction and overview.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Supplement 1:1–5.
Latané, B. 1981. “The psychology of social impact.” American Psychologist 36:343–56.
Latané, B. and Wolf, S.. 1981. “The social impact of majorities and minorities.” Psychological Review 88:438–53.
Laughlin, P. R. 1980. “Social combination processes of cooperative problem-solving groups on verbal intellective tasks.” Pp. 127–55 in Progress in Social Psychology, edited by Fishbein, M.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Laughlin, P. R. and Earley, P. C.. 1982. “Social combination models, persuasive arguments theory, social comparison theory, and choice shift.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42:273–80.
Laumann, E. O. and Pappi, F. U.. 1976. Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems. New York: Academic Press.
Lawler, E. J., Ridgeway, C., and Markovsky, B.. 1993. “Structural social psychology and the micro–macro problem.” Sociological Theory 11:268–90.
Lazer, D. 2001. “The co-evolution of individual and network.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25:69–108.
Lee, M. T. and Ofshe, P.. 1981. “The impact of behavioral style and status characteristics on social influence: A test of two competing theories.” Social Psychology Quarterly 44:73–82.
Lehrer, K. and Wagner, C.. 1981. Rational Consensus in Science and Society. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Levine, J. M. 1989. “Reaction to opinion deviance in small groups.” Pp. 187–231 in Psychology of Group Influence, edited by Paulus, P. B.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Levine, J. M. and Moreland, R. L.. 1990. “Progress in small group research.” Annual Review of Psychology 41:585–634.
Levine, J. M. and Moreland, R. L.. 1998. “Small groups.” Pp. 415–69 in The Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 2, edited by Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., and Lindzey, G.. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Levine, J. M. and Russo, E. M.. 1987. “Majority and minority influence.” Pp. 13–54 in Review of Personality and Social Psychology: Group Processes, vol. 8, edited by Hendrick, C.. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Levinger, G. and Schneider, D. J.. 1969. “A test of the ‘risk as a value’ hypothesis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 11:165–9.
Lewin, K. 1951. Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper.
Lewin, K. 1958. Group Decision and Social Change. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Likert, R. 1967. The Human Organization. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lovaglia, M. J. 1997. “Status, emotion, and structural power.” Pp. 159–78 in Status, Network, and Structure: Theory Development in Group Processes, edited by Szmatka, J., Skvoretz, J., and Berger, J.. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Lundberg, G. A. and Lawsing, M.. 1937. “The sociography of some community relations.” American Sociological Review 2:318–35.
Luus, E. C. and Wells, G. L.. 1994. “The malleability of eyewitness confidence: Cowitness and perseverance effects.” Journal of Applied Psychology 79:714–23.
Maass, A. and Clark, R. D. 1984. “Hidden impact of minorities: Fifteen years of minority influence research.” Psychological Bulletin 95:428–50.
Maass, A., West, S. G., and Cialdini, R. B.. 1987. “Minority influence and conversion.” Pp. 55–79 in Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 8, edited by Hendrick, C.. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mackie, D. M. 1986. “Social identification effects in group polarization.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50:720–28.
Mackie, D. M. 1987. “Systematic and nonsystematic processing of majority and minority persuasive communications.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53:41–52.
Mackie, D. M. and Cooper, J.. 1984. “Attitude polarization: Effects of group membership.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46:575–85.
Mackie, D. M. and J. J. Skelly. 1994. “The social cognition analysis of social influence: Contributions to the understanding of persuasion and conformity.” Pp. 259–89 in Social Cognition: Impact on Social Psychology, edited by Devine, P. G., Hamilton, D. L., and Ostrom, T. M.. San Diego: Academic Press.
MacCoun, R. J. and Kerr, N. L.. 1988. “Asymmetric influence in mock jury deliberations: Jurors' bias for leniency.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 21–33.
Maron, M.J. 1982. Numerical Analysis: A Practical Approach. New York: Macmillan.
Marquis, D. G. 1962. “Individual responsibility and group decisions involving risk.” Industrial Management Review 3: 8–23.
Marsden, P. 1981. “Introducing influence processes into a system of collective decisions.” American Journal of Sociology 86: 1203–35.
Marsden, P. V. and Friedkin, N. E.. 1994. “Network studies of social influence.” Pp. 3–25 in Advances in Social Network Analysis, edited by Wasserman, S. and Galaskiewicz, J.. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Martin, R. 1998. “Majority and minority influence using the afterimage paradigm: A series of attempted replications.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 34:1–26.
Martin, R. and Hewstone, M.. 2001. “Conformity and independence in groups: Majorities and minorities.” Pp. 209–34 in Blackstone Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Processes, edited by Hogg, M. A. and Tindale, R. S.. Oxford: Blackwell.
McGarty, C., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., David, B., and Wetherell, M. S.. 1992. “Group polarization as conformity to the prototypical group member.” British Journal of Social Psychology 31:1–20.
McGrath, J. E. and Kravitz, D. A.. 1982. “Group research.” Annual Review of Psychology 33:195–230.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., and Cook, J.. 2001. “Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27:415–44.
Mead, G. H. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Merton, R. K. 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press.
Michener, H. A. and Wasserman, M. 1995. “Group decision making.” Pp. 335–61 in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by Cook, K. S., Fine, G. A., and House, J. S.. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Milgram, S. 1974. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper & Row.
Mills, T. M. 1958. “Some hypotheses on small groups from Simmel.” American Journal of Sociology 63:642–50.
Moreland, R. L., Hogg, M. A., and Hains, S. C.. 1994. “Back to the future: Social psychological research on groups.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 30: 527–55.
Moscovici, S. 1976. Social Influence and Social Change. London: Academic Press.
Moscovici, S. 1980. “Toward a theory of conversion behavior.” Pp. 209–39 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 13, edited by Berkowitz, L.. New York: Academic Press.
Moscovici, S. 1985. “Social influence and conformity.” Pp. 347–412 in Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 2, edited by Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E.. New York: Random House.
Moscovici, S. and Doise, W.. 1994. Conflict and Consensus. London: Sage.
Moscovici, S., Mucchi-Faina, A., and Maass, A.. 1994. Minority Influence. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Moscovici, S. and Mugny, G.. 1983. “Minority influence.” Pp. 41–64 in Basic Group Processes, edited by Paulus, P. B.. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Mugny, G. 1982. The Power of Minorities. London: Academic Press.
Mullen, B. 1983. “Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19:295–322.
Mullen, B., Anthony, T., Salas, E., and Driskell, J. E.. 1994. “Group cohesiveness and quality of decision making: An integration of tests of the groupthink hypothesis.” Small Group Research 25:189–204.
Myers, D. G. and Lamm, H.. 1976. “The group polarization phenomenon.” Psychological Bulletin 83:602–27.
Nagel, E. 1961. The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Nemeth, C. J. 1975. “Understanding minority influence: A reply and digression.” European Journal of Social Psychology 5:265–7.
Nemeth, C. J. 1986. “Differential contributions of majority and minority influence.” Psychological Review 93: 23–32.
Newcomb, T. M. 1951. “Social psychological theory: Integrating individual and social approaches.” Pp. 31–49 in Social Psychology at the Crossroads, edited by Rohrer, J. H. and Sherif, M.. New York, Harper.
Newcomb, T. M. 1953. “An approach to the study of communicative acts.” Psychological Review 60:393–402.
Newcomb, T. M. 1961. The Acquaintance Process. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Nowak, A., Szamrej, J., and Latané, B.. 1990. “From private attitude to public opinion: A dynamic theory of social impact.” Psychological Review 97:362–76.
Oldenburger, R. 1940. “Infinite powers of matrices and characteristic roots.” Duke Mathematical Journal 6: 357–61.
Ord, K. 1975. “Estimation methods for models of spatial interaction.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 70:120–26.
Osborn, A. F. 1957. Applied Imagination. New York: Scribner.
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., and Miron, M. S.. 1975. Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., and Tannenbaum, P. H.. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Pattee, H. H. 1973. Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems. New York: George Braziller.
Penrod, S. and Hastie, R.. 1980. “A computer model of jury decision making.” Psychological Review 87:133–59.
Perloff, R. M. 1993. The Dynamics of Persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Petty, R. E. and Cacioppo, J. T.. 1986a. Communication and Persuasion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Petty, R. E. and Cacioppo, J. T.. 1986b. “The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 19:123–205.
Petty, R. E. and Wegener, D. T.. 1997. “Attitude change: Multiple roles for persuasion variables.” Pp. 323–90 in Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by Gilbert, D., Fiske, S., and Lindzey, G.. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., and Fabrigar, L. R.. 1997. “Attitudes and attitude change.” Annual Review of Psychology 48:609–47.
Pruitt, D. G. 1971. “Choice shifts in group discussion: An introductory review.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 20:339–60.
Radloff, R. 1961. “Opinion evaluation and affiliation.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62:578–85.
Ridgeway, C. L. 1991. “The social construction of status-value: Gender and other nominal characteristics.” Social Forces 70:367–86.
Ridgeway, C. L. 2001. “Social status and group structure.” Pp. 352–7 in Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Processes, edited by Hoog, M. A. and Tindale, R. S.. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Ridgeway, C. L. and Balkwell, J. W.. 1997. “Group processes and the diffusion of status beliefs.” Social Psychology Quarterly 60:14–31.
Ridgeway, C. and Smith-Lovin, L.. 1994. “Structure, culture, and interaction: Comparing two generative theories.” Advances in Group Processes 11:213–39.
Riland, L. H. 1959. “Relationship of Guttman components of attitude intensity and personal involvement.” Journal of Applied Psychology 43:279–84.
Robinson, D. T. 1996. “Identity and friendship: Affective dynamics and network formation.” Advances in Group Processes 13:91–111.
Robinson, D. T. and Balkwell, J. W.. 1995. “Density, transitivity, and diffuse status in task-oriented groups.” Social Psychology Quarterly 58:241–54.
Rohrer, J. H., Baron, S. H., Hoffman, E. L., and Swander, D. V.. 1954. “The stability of autokinetic judgments.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49:595–7.
Rosenberg, M. 1969. The Logic of Survey Analysis. New York: Basic Books.
Saltiel, J. and Woelfel, J.. 1975. “Inertia in cognitive processes: The role of accumulated information in attitude change.” Human Communication Research 1:333–44.
Sanders, G. S. and Baron, R. S.. 1977. “Is social comparison irrelevant for producing choice shifts?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13:303–14.
Schachter, S. 1951. “Deviation, rejection and communication.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46:190–207.
Shavitt, S. and Brock, T. C.. 1994. Persuasion: Psychological Insights and Perspectives. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn-Bacon.
Shaw, M. E. 1961. “Group dynamics.” Annual Review of Psychology 12:129–56.
Shaw, M. E. 1976. Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Shelly, R. K. 1993. “How sentiments organize interaction.” Pp. 113–32 in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 10, edited by Lawler, E. J. et al. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Sherif, C. W., Sherif, M., and Nebergall, R. E.. 1965. Attitude and Attitude Change: The Social Judgment-Involvement Approach. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Sherif, M. 1936. The Psychology of Social Norms. New York: Harper.
Sherif, M. and Hovland, C. I.. 1961. Social Judgement: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Simmel, G. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel, translated by K. H. Wolff. New York: The Free Press.
Simon, H. A. 1945. Administrative Behavior. New York: Free Press.
Simon, H. A. 1953. “Notes on the observation and measurement of political power.” Journal of Politics 15:500–516.
Singer, J. E. 1966. “Social comparison: Progress and issues.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Supplement 1:103–10.
Skvoretz, J. and Fararo, T. J.. 1996. “Status and participation in task groups: A dynamic network model.” American Journal of Sociology 101:1366–1414.
Skvoretz, J., Webster, M., and Whitmeyer, J.. 1999. “Status orders in task discussion groups.” Advances in Group Processes 16:199–218.
Smith-Lovin, L. and Heise, D. R.. 1988. Analyzing Social Interaction: Advances in Affect Control Theory. New York: Gordon and Breach.
Smith-Lovin, L., Skvoretz, J. V., and Hawkins, C.. 1986. “Social status and participation in six-person groups: A test of Skvoretz's comparative status model.” Social Forces 64:992–1005.
Sniezek, J. A. and Henry, R. A.. 1989. “Accuarcy and confidence in group judgment.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 43: 1–28.
Sniezek, J. A. and Henry, R. A.. 1990. “Revision, weighting, and commitment in consensus group judgment.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 45: 66–84.
Sorrentino, R. M., King, G., and Leo, Gloria. 1980. “The influence of the minority on perception: A note on a possible alternative explanation.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16:293–301.
Stasser, G., Kerr, N. L. and Bray, R. M. 1982. “The social psychology of jury deliberation: Structure, process, and product.” Pp. 221–256 in The Psychology of the Count-room, edited by N. L. Kerr and R. M. Bray, New York: Academic Press.
Stasser, G., Kerr, N. L., and Davis, J. H.. 1980. “Influence processes in decision-making groups: A modeling appraoch.” Pp. 431–77 in Psychology of Group Influence, edited by Paulus, P. B.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stasser, G., Kerr, N. L., and Davis, J. H.. 1989. “Influence processes and consensus models in decision-making groups.” Pp. 279–326 in Psychology of Group Influence, edited by Paulus, P. B.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Steiner, I. D. 1964. “Group dynamics.” Annual Review of Psychology 15:421–46.
Steiner, I. D. 1974. “Whatever happened to the group in social psychology?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 10:94–108.
Steiner, I. D. 1986. “Paradigms and groups.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19:251–89.
Stogdill, R. M. 1959. Individual Behavior and Group Achievement: A Theory, the Experimental Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stokman, F. N. and Berveling, J.. 1998. “Dynamic modeling of policy networks in Amsterdam.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 10:577–601.
Stokman, F. N., Assen, M. A. L. M., Knoop, J. V. D., and Oosten, R. C. H. V.. 2000. “Strategic decision making.” Advances in Group Processes 17:131–53.
Stoner, J. A. 1961. A Comparison of Individual and Group Decisions Involving Risk. M. A. Thesis, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Stryker, S. 1981. “Symbolic interactionism: Themes and variations.” Pp. 3–29 in Social Psychology, edited by Rosenberg, M. and Turner, R. H.. New York: Basic Books.
Stryker, S. and Statham, A.. 1985. “Symbolic interaction and role theory.” Pp. 311–78 in Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 1, edited by Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E.. New York: Random House.
Suchman, E. A. 1950. “The intensity component in attitude and opinion research.” Pp. 213–76 in Measurement and Prediction (vol. 4 of The American Soldier), edited by Stouffer, S. A., Guttman, L., Suchman, E. A., Lazarfeld, P. F., Star, S. A., and Clausen, J. A.. New York: Wiley.
Suls, J. and Miller, R. L.. 1977. Social Comparison Processes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Suls, J. and Wills, T. A.. 1991. Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Suls, J., Martin, R., and Wheeler, L.. 2000. “Three kinds of opinion comparison: The triad model.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 4:219–37.
Sutton, R. I. and Hargadon, A.. 1996. “Brainstorming groups in context: Effectiveness in a product design firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41: 685–718.
Tanford, S. and Penrod, S.. 1984. “Social influence model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes.” Psychological Bulletin95: 189–225.
Tannenbaum, P. H. 1956. “Initial attitude toward source and concept as factors in attitude change through communication.” Public Opinion Quarterly 20: 413–25.
Taylor, M. 1968. “Towards a mathematical theory of influence and attitude change.” Human Relations 21:121–39.
Tetlock, P. E., Peterson, R. S., McGuire, C., Chang, S., and Feld, P.. 1992. “Assessing political group dynamics: A test of the groupthink model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63:403–25.
Thorndike, R. L. 1938. “The effect of discussion upon the correctness of decisions, when the factor of majority influence is allowed for.” Journal of Social Psychology 9:343–63.
Tindale, R. S. and Davis, J. H.. 1983. “Group decision making and jury verdicts.” Pp. 9–38 in Small Groups and Social Interaction, edited by Blumberg, H. H., Hare, A. P., Kent, V., and Davies, M. F.. Chichester: Wiley.
Tindale, R. S. and Davis, J. H.. 1985. “Individual and group reward allocation decisions in two situational contexts: The effects of relative need and performance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48: 1148–61.
Tindale, R. S., Davis, J. H., Vollrath, D. A., Nagao, D. H., and Hinsz, V. B.. 1990. “Asymmetrical social influence in freely interacting groups: A test of three models.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:438–49.
Tindale, R. S., Smith, C. M., Thomas, L. S., Filkins, J., and Sheffey, S.. 1996. “Shared representations and asymmetric social influence processes in small groups.” Pp. 81–103 in Understanding Group Behavior: Consensual Action by Small Groups, edited by Witte, E. H. and Davis, J. H.. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Troyer, L. and Younts, C. W.. 1997. “Whose expectations matter? The relative power of first- and second-order expectations in determining social influence.” American Journal of Sociology 103:692–732.
Turner, John C. 1985. “Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior.” Pp. 77–122 in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 2, edited by Lawler, E. J.. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Turner, John C. 1991. Social Influence. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., and Wetherell, M. S.. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Turner, J. C. and Oakes, P. J.. 1989. “Self-categorization theory and social influence.” Pp. 233–275 in Psychology of Group Influence, edited by Paulus, P. B.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Turner, J. C., Wetherell, M. S., and Hogg, M. A.. 1989. “Referent informational influence and group polarization.” British Journal of Social Psychology 28:135–47.
Valente, T. W. 1995. Network Models of the Diffusion of Innovations. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Vinokur, A. 1971. “Review and theoretical analysis of the effects of group processes upon individual and group decisions involving risk.” Psychological Bulletin 76:231–50.
Vinokur, A. and Burnstein, E.. 1978. “Depolarization of attitudes in groups.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36:872–85.
Wagner, Carl. 1978. “Consensus through respect: A model of rational group decision-making.” Philosophical Studies 34:335–49.
Wagner, Carl. 1982. “Allocation, Lehrer models, and the consensus of probabilities.” Theory and Decision 14:207–20.
Wagner, D. G. and Berger, J.. 1993. “Status characteristics theory: Growth of a research program.” Pp. 23–63 in Theoretical Research Programs: Studies in the Growth of Theory, edited by Berger, J. and Zelditch, M. J.. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wasserman, S. and Faust, K.. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Watts, D. J. and Dodds, P. S.. 2007. “Influentials, networks, and public opinion formation.” Journal of Consumer Research 34: 441–58.
Weber, M. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by Henderson, A. M. and Parsons, T.. New York: The Free Press.
Webster, M. and Sobieszek, B. I.. 1974. Sources of Self-Evaluation. New York: Wiley.
Webster, M. and Whitmeyer, J. M.. 1999. “A theory of second-order expectations and behavior.” Social Psychology Quarterly 62:17–31.
Webster, M. and Whitmeyer, J. M.. 2002. “Modeling second-order expectations.” Sociological Theory 20:306–27.
Weksel, W. and Hennes, J. D.. 1965. “Attitude intensity and the semantic differential.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2:91–4.
Wetherell, M. S. 1987. “Social identity and group polarization.” Pp. 142–70 in Rediscovering the Social Group, edited by Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., and Wetherell, M. S.. Oxford: Blackwell.
Whitmeyer, J. M. 2000. “Power through Appointment.” Social Science Research 29:535–55.
Whitmeyer, J. M. 2002. “The mathematics of expectation states theory.” Social Psychology Quarterly 66: 238–53.
Witte, E. H. and Davis, J. H.. 1996. Understanding Group Behavior: Consensual Action by Small Groups. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Wolf, S. 1987. “Majority and minority influence: A social impact analysis.” Pp. 207–35 in Social Influences: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, edited by Zanna, M. P., Olson, J. M., and Herman, C. P.. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
Wood, J. 1989. “Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes.” Psychological Bulletin 106:231–71.
Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J.A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T.. 1994. “Minority influence: A meta-analytic review of social influence processes.” Psychological Bulletin 115:323–45.
Yeung, K.-T. and Martin, J. L.. 2003. “The looking glass self: An empirical elaboration.” Social Forces 81: 843–79.
Zajonc, R. B. 1980. “Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.” American Psychologist 35: 151–75.
Zander, A. F. 1979. “The psychology of group processes.” Annual Review of Psychology 30:417–51.
Zeisel, H. and Diamond, S. S.. 1974. “Convincing empirical evidence on the six-member jury.” University of Chicago Law Review 41: 281–95.
Zimbardo, P. G. 1960. “Involvement and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion conformity.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60:86–94.
Zuber, J., Crott, H., and Joachim, W.. 1992. “Choice shift and group polarization: An analysis of the status of arguments and social decision schemes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62:50–61.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.