Element contents
The Archaeology of Egyptian Non-Royal Burial Customs in New Kingdom Egypt and Its Empire
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 December 2021
Summary
This Element provides a new evaluation of burial customs in New Kingdom Egypt, from about 1550 to 1077 BC, with an emphasis on burials of the wider population. It also covers the regions then under Egyptian control: the Southern Levant and the area of Nubia as far as the Fourth Cataract. The inclusion of foreign countries provides insights not only into the interaction between the centre of the empire and its conquered regions, but also concerning what is typically Egyptian and to what extent the conquered regions were culturally influenced. It can be shown that burials in Lower Nubia closely follow those in Egypt. In the southern Levant, by contrast, cemeteries of the period often yield numerous Egyptian objects, but burial customs in general do not follow those in Egypt.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009064521Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 03 February 2022
References
Adams, William Y. (1984). ‘The First Colonial Empire: Egypt in Nubia, 3200–1200 BC’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 26(1): 36–71.Google Scholar
Aldred, Cyril. (1971). Jewels of the Pharaohs: Egyptian Jewellery of the Dynastic Period. Thames and Hudson: London.Google Scholar
Arnold, Dieter. (1976). Gräber des Alten und Mittlerewn Reiches in El-Tarif. von Zabern: Mainz.Google Scholar
Arnold, Dieter (2002). The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur Architectural Studies. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York.Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan. (1987). ‘Priorität und Interesse: Das Problem der Ramessidischen Beamtengräber’, in Assmann, Jan, Burkard, Günter and Davies, Vivian (eds.), Problems and Priorities in Egyptian Archaeology. KPI: London and New York, 31–41.Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan. (2001). Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London.Google Scholar
Auenmüller, Johannes Stefan, G. (2014). ‘The Location of New Kingdom Elite Tombs: Space, Place and Significance’, in Debowska-Ludwin, Joanna, Jucha, Mariusz A. and Kołodziejczyk, Piotr (eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth Central European Conference of Egyptologists. Egypt 2012: Perspectives of Research, SAAC 18, 2014, Studies in Art and Civilization 18: 171–93.Google Scholar
Baines, John. (2006). ‘Display of Magic in Old Kingdom Egypt’, in Szpakowska, Kasia (ed.), Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt. Classical Press of Wales: Swansea, 1–32.Google Scholar
Baines, John (2009). ‘Modelling the Integration of Elite and other Social Groups in Old Kingdom Egypt’, in García, Juan Carlos Moreno (ed.), Élites et pouvoir en Égypte ancienne, CRIPEL 29: 117–44.Google Scholar
Baines, John and Lacovara, Peter. (2002). ‘Burial and the Dead in Ancient Egyptian Society’, Journal of Social Archaeology 2(1): 5–36.Google Scholar
Ben-Arieh, Sarah. (2004). Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim. Israel Antiquities Authority: Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard and Fargher, Lane. (2008). Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States. Springer: New York.Google Scholar
Böhme, Isa. (2019). ‘Botschafter der kosmischen Ordnung Thot, Geb, Horus und Dunanui und Tb 161 auf den privaten Sarkophagen des Neuen Reiches’, in Brose, Marc et al. (eds), En détail: Philologie und Archäologie im Diskurs Festschrift für Hans-W. Fischer-Elfert, ZÄS Supplement 7, de Gruyter: Berlin, 103–31.Google Scholar
Borchardt, Ludwig. (1909). Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Nefer-ír-ke-re. Hinrichs: Leipzig.Google Scholar
Bosmajian, Haig A. (1969). ‘The Language of White Racism’, College English 31(3): 263–72.Google Scholar
Bourriau, Janine. (1981). Pottery from the Nile Valley before the Arab Conquest. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bourriau, Janine and Millard, Anne. (1971). ‘The Excavation of Sawâma in 1914 by G. A. Wainwright and T. Whittemore’, JEA 57: 28–57.Google Scholar
Braunstein, Susan L. (2011). ‘The Meaning of Egyptian-Style Objects in the Late Bronze Cemeteries of Tell el-Farʿah (South)’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 364: 1–36.Google Scholar
Bruyère, Bernard. (1929). Rapport sur les fouilles de Deir El Médineh (1928). Institut français d’archéologie orientale: Cairo.Google Scholar
Bruyère, Bernard (1937). Rapport sur les fouilles de Deir el Médineh: 1933–1934. La Nécropole de l’Ouest. Institut français d’archéologie orientale: Cairo.Google Scholar
Budka, Julia. (2017). ‘Pyramid Cemetery SAC5, Sai Island, Northern Sudan: An Update Based on Fieldwork from 2015–2017’, Ägypten und Levante 27: 107–30.Google Scholar
Casino, Emanuele. (2017). ‘Remarks on Ancient Egyptian Cartonnage Mummy Masks from the Late Old Kingdom to the End of the New Kingdom’, in Chyla, Julia M., Dębowska-Ludwin, Joanna, Rosińska-Balik, Karolina and Walsh, Carl (eds.), Current Research in Egyptology 2016, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium. Oxbow Books: Oxford and Philadelphia, 56–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooney, Kathlyn M. (2011). ‘Changing Burial Practices at the End of the New Kingdom: Defensive Adaptations in Tomb Commissions, Coffin Commissions, Coffin Decoration, and Mummification’, JARCE 47: 3–44.Google Scholar
Cotelle-Michel, Laurence. (2004). Les sarcophages en terre cuite en Egypte et en Nubie, de l’époque prédynastique à l’époque romaine. Faton: Dijon.Google Scholar
Crist, Walter, Dunn-Vaturi, Anne-Elizabeth and Alex, de Voogt. (2016). Ancient Egyptians at Play: Board Games across Borders. Bloomsbury Academic: London.Google Scholar
Czerny, Ernst. (1999). Tell el-Dab’a IX, Eine Plansiedlung des frühen Mittleren Reiches. Austrian Academy of Sciences: Vienna.Google Scholar
Darnell, John Coleman and Manassa, Colleen. (2007). Tutankhamun’s Armies, Battle and Conquest during Ancient Egypt’s Late Eighteenth Dynasty. John Wiley: Hoboken, New Jersey.Google Scholar
D’Auria, Sue (1988). ‘Female Figure on a Bed’, in D’Auria, Sue, Lacovara, Peter and Roehrig, Catherine H. (eds.), Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt. Museum of Fine Arts: Boston, 137, no. 74.Google Scholar
Davies, W. Vivian. (2013). ‘The Tomb of Sataimau at Hagr Edfu: An Overview’, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 20: 47–80.Google Scholar
Dorman, Peter F. (2014). ‘Innovation at the Dawn of the New Kingdom’, in José Galán, Betsy M. Bryan and Dorman, Peter F. (eds.), Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut. Oriental Institute Museum Publications 69, The Oriental Institute: Chicago, 1–6.Google Scholar
Dorman, Peter F. (2017). ‘The Origins and Early Development of the Book of the Dead’, in Scalf, Foy (ed.), Book of the Dead: Becoming God in Ancient Egypt. Oriental Institute Museum Publications 39, The Oriental Institute: Chicago, 29–40.Google Scholar
Dothan, Trude. (1978). ‘Excavations at the Cemetery of Deir el-Balah’, Qedem 10: 1–114.Google Scholar
Driaux, Delphine. (2019). ‘Toward a Study of the Poor and Poverty in Ancient Egypt: Preliminary Thoughts’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30(1): 1–19.Google Scholar
Dunham, Dows and Jozef, M. Janssen. (1960). Second Cataract Forts I. Semna, Kumma. Museum of Fine Arts: Boston.Google Scholar
Dunham, Dows and Jozef, M. Janssen (1978). Zawiyet el Aryan: The Cemeteries Adjacent to the Layer Pyramid. Museum of Fine Arts: Boston.Google Scholar
Eliezer D. Oren. (1973). The Northern Cemetery of Beth Shan. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar
Emerit, Sibylle and Elwart, Dorothée (2017). ‘La musique à Deir el-Medina: vestiges d’instruments et iconographie du temple ptolémaïque d’Hathor’, in Gaber, Hanane, Rizzo, Laurie Bazin and Servajean, Frédéric (eds.), À l’Œuvre on Connaît l’Artisan … de Pharaon! Silvana Editoriale: Milan, 131–7.Google Scholar
Engelbach, Reginald. (1915). Riqqeh and Memphis IV, School of Archaeology in Egypt. Bernard Quaritch: London.Google Scholar
Firth, Cecil, M. and Gunn, Battiscombe. (1926). Teti Pyramid Cemeteries I: Text. L’institute François d’archaéologie Orientale: Cairo.Google Scholar
Fitzenreiter, Martin. (2004). ‘Identität als Bekenntnis und Anspruch: Notizen zum Grab des Pennut (Teil IV)’, Der Antike Sudan MittSAG15: 169–93.Google Scholar
Frankfort, Henri J. D. and John, D. Pendlebury, S.. (1933). The City of Akhenaten, Part II, The North Suburb and the Desert Altars: The Excavations at Tell el Amarna, during the Seasons 1926–1932. Egypt Exploration Society, Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Franzmeier, Henning. (2014). ‘News from Parahotep: the small finds from his tomb at Sedment rediscovered’, JEA 100: 151–79.Google Scholar
Franzmeier, Henning (2017a). Die Gräberfelder von Sedment im Neuen Reich, I. Brill: Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Franzmeier, Henning (2017b). Die Gräberfelder von Sedment im Neuen Reich, II. Brill: Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Friedman, Renée. (2007). ‘The Nubian Cemetery at Hierakonpolis, Egypt: Results of the 2007 Season’, Sudan & Nubia 11: 57–62.Google Scholar
Galal, Ahmed and Aston, David. (2003). ‘New Kingdom Anthropoid Pottery Coffins from Kom Abu Rady and Sedment’, Jaarbericht van het vooraziatisch-egyptsich genootschap e Oriente Lux 37 (2001–2002): 127–80.Google Scholar
Galán, José M. (2014). ‘Preface’, in Galán, José M, Bryan, Betsy M. and Dorman, Peter F. (eds.), Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut. Studies in Civilization, Oriental 69, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago: Chicago, Illinois, vii–xii.Google Scholar
Gander, Manuela. (2009). ‘Materialimitationen Bemalte Gefäße aus Gräbern des Neuen Reiches aus dem Ägyptischen Museum und Papyrusssammlung Berlin’, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 38: 83–99, plates 2–5.Google Scholar
Gander, Manuela (2012). ‘Imitation of Materials in Ancient Egypt’, in Kóthay, Katalin Anna (ed.), Art and Society: Ancient and Modern Contexts of Egyptian Art, Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, 13–15 May 2010, Museum of Fine Arts: Budapest 265–71.Google Scholar
Garstang, John. (1900). El Arábah: A Cemetery of the Middle Kingdom; Survey of the Old Kingdom Temenos; Graffiti from the Temple of Sety. Bernard Quaritch: London.Google Scholar
Garstang, John (1907). The Burial Customs of Ancient Egypt, as Illustrated by Tombs of the Middle Kingdom. Archibald Constable: London.Google Scholar
Gatto, Maria Carmela. (2021). ‘The A-Group and 4th Millennium BCE Nubia’, in Emberling, Geoff and Williams, Bruce Beyer (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Oxford University Press: New York, 125–42.Google Scholar
Rivka, Gonen. (1992). Burial Patterns and Cultural Diversity in Late Bronze Age Canaan. Eisenbrauns: Winoan Lake, Indiana.Google Scholar
Graefe, Erhart. (2007). Die Doppelgrabanlage “M” aus dem Mittleren Reich unter TT 196 im Tal el-Asasif in Theben-West. Aegyptiaca Monasteriensia 5. Shaker: Aachen.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2007). ‘Multiple Burials in Ancient Egypt to the End of the Middle Kingdom’, in Grallert, Silke and Grajetzki, Wolfram (eds.), Life and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period. Golden House Publications: London, 16–34.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2010). The Coffin of Zemathor and Other Rectangular Coffins of the Late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period. Golden House Publications: London.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2014a). ‘The Tomb of Khnumhotep at Rifeh’, in Dodson, Aidan, Johnston, John and Monkhouse, Wendy (eds.), A Good Scribe and Exceedingly Wise Man: Studies in Honour of W. J. Tait. Golden House Publications: London, 100–11.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2014b). Tomb Treasures of the Late Middle Kingdom: The Archaeology of Female Burials. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2016). ‘An Early New Kingdom Coffin from Abydos’, Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 9, 47–63 (www.enim-egyptologie.fr/index.php?page=enim-9&n=5 retrieved 08/02/2020).Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2020a). The People of the Cobra Province in Egypt: A Local History, 4500 to 1500 BC. Oxbow: Oxford and Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram (2020b). ‘Die Friedhöfe des Neuen Reiches bei Rifeh’, Sokar 39: 98–105.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Raphael. (2019). The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Guy, Philip L. O. (1938). Megiddo Tombs. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications XXXIII. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
Gzella, Holger. (2014). ‘Peoples and Languages of the Levant During the Bronze and Iron Ages’, in Killebrew, Ann E. and Steiner, Margreet (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 24–34.Google Scholar
Hafsaas, Henriette. (2021). ‘The C-Group People in Lower Nubia: Cattle Pastoralists on the Frontier between Egypt and Kush’, in Emberling, Geoff and Williams, Bruce Beyer (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 159–77.Google Scholar
Helmbold-Doyé, Jana and Seiler, Anne. (2019). Die Keramik aus dem Friedhof S/SA von Aniba (Unternubien). De Gruyter: Berlin and Boston.Google Scholar
Hornung, Erik, Krauss, Rolf and Warburton, David A.. (2006). Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Handbook of Oriental Studies I (83). Brill: Leiden and Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulková, Lucia. (2013). ‘Ein ramessidischer Friedhof zwischen Tell el-Dab’a und cEzbet Helmi’. Vienna. online thesis of the University Vienna http://othes.univie.ac.at/25386/ (retrieved 23/ 04/2017).Google Scholar
Ikram, Salima and Dodson, Aidan. (1998). The Mummy in Ancient Egypt, Equipping the Dead for Eternity. Thames and Hudson: London.Google Scholar
Janák, Jiří. (2013). ‘Akh’, in Dieleman, Jacco and Wendrich, Willeke (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002gc1 pn (retrieved 15/06/21).Google Scholar
Jansen-Winkeln, Karl. (2002). ‘Ägyptische Geschichte im Zeitalter der Wanderungen von Seevölkern und Libyen’, in Eva Andrea, Braun-Holzinger and Mathäus, Hartmut (eds.), Die nahöstlichen Kulturen und Griechenland an der Wende vom 2. zum 1. Jahrtausend. Kontinuität und Wandel von Strukturen und Mechanismen kultureller Interaktion. Bibliopolis: Paderborn, 123–42.Google Scholar
Jéquier, Gustave. (1933). Deux pyramides du Moyen Empire. L’Institut Français d’archéologie Orientale: Cairo.Google Scholar
Jéquier, Gustave .(1940). Le Monument Funéraire de Pepi II. Tome III, Les Approches du Temple. L’Institut Français, d’archéologie Orientale: Cairo.Google Scholar
Jirásková, Lucie. (2015). ‘Damage and Repairs of the Old Kingdom Canopic Jars: The Case at Abusir’, Prague Egyptological Studies: 76–85.Google Scholar
Kampp-Seyfried, Friederike. (2003). ‘The Theban Necropolis: An Overview of Topography and Tomb Development from the Middle Kingdom to the Ramesside Period’, in Strudwick, Nigel and Taylor, John H. (eds.), The Theban Necropolis: Past, Present and Future. The British Museum Press: London, 2–10.Google Scholar
Kenyon, Kathleen M. (1960). Excavations at Jericho – Volume I, Tombs Excavated in 1952–4. School of Archaeology in Jerusalem: London.Google Scholar
Kemp, Barry. (2013). The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Amarna and its People. Thames and Hudson: London.Google Scholar
Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 BCE. Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and Biblical Studies 9, Society of Biblical Literature: Atlanta, Georgia.Google Scholar
Lakomy, Konstantin C. (2016). Der Löwe auf dem Schlachtfeld, Das Grab KV 36 und die Bestattung des Mairherperi im Tal der Könige. Reichert: Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Lemos, Rennan. (2017). ‘Material Culture and Social Interactions in New Kingdom Non-Elite Cemeteries’, in Chyla, Julia M., Dębowska-Ludwin, Joanna, Rosińska-Balik, Karolina and Walsh, Carl (eds.), Current Research in Egyptology 2016 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 4–7 May 2016, Oxbow Books: Oxford and Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Lemos, Rennan .(2020). ‘Material Culture and Colonization in Ancient Nubia: Evidence from the New Kingdom Cemeteries’, in Smith, Claire (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Global Archaeology. Springer: New York.Google Scholar
Lilyquist, Christine. (2003). The Tomb of Three Foreign Wives of Thutmosis III. Yale University Press: New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Loat, Leonard. (1905). ‘Gurob’, together with Margaret Murray. Saqqara Mastabas, part I–II. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and B. Quaritch: London.Google Scholar
Maspero, Gaston. (1895). Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt, trans. Edwards, Amelia B.. Grevel, H. : London.Google Scholar
Milde, Henk. (2012). ‘Shabtis’, in Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002bwv0z (retrived 17/ 06/2021).Google Scholar
Minault-Gout, Anne and Thill, Florence. (2012). Saï II, Les cimetière des tombes hypogées du Nouvel Empire, Texte, Planches, FIFAO 69. Institut français d’archéologie orientale: Cairo.Google Scholar
Miniaci, Gianluca. (2011). Rishi Coffins and the Funerary Culture of Second Intermediate Period Egypt. GHP Egyptology 17. Golden House Publications: London.Google Scholar
Miniaci, Gianluca .(2014). ‘The Case of the Third Intermediate Period “Shabti-Maker (?) of the Amun Domain” Diamun/Padiamun and the Change in Conception of Shabti Statuettes’, JEA 100: 245–73.Google Scholar
Miniaci, Gianluca .(2019). ‘Burial Demography in the Late Middle Kingdom: A Social Perspective’. in Rune Nyord (ed.), Concepts in Middle Kingdom Funerary Culture: Proceedings of the Lady Wallis Budge Anniversary Symposium held at Christ’s College, Cambridge, 22 January 2016. Peeters: Leiden and Boston: 117–49.Google Scholar
Moskos, George. (1984). ‘Marguerite Duras’s “Moderato Cantabile”’, Contemporary Literature, 25(1) : 28–52.Google Scholar
Mumford, Gregory. (2006). ‘Egypt’s New Kingdom Levantine Empire and Serabit el-Khadim, Including a Newly Attested Votive Offering of Horemheb’, Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 33: 159–203.Google Scholar
Munro, Irmtraut. (1988). Untersuchungen zu den Totenbuch-Papyri der 18. Dynastie. Keagan and Paul: London New York.Google Scholar
Münch, Hans-Hubertus. (2000). ‘Categorizing Archaeological Finds: The Funerary Material of Queen Hetepheres I at Giza’, Antiquity 74(286): 898–908.Google Scholar
Näser, Claudia. (2001). ‘Zur Interpration funerärer Praktiken im Neuen Reich: Der Ostfriedhof von Deir el-Medine’, in Arnst, Caris-Beatrice, Hafemann, Ingelore and Lohwasser, Angelika (eds.), Begegnungen, Antike Kulture im Niltal. Helkmar Wodkte und Katharina Stegbauer: Leipzig, 373–98.Google Scholar
Näser, Claudia .(2013). ‘Equipping and Stripping the Dead’, in Stutz, Liv Nilsson and Tarlow, Sarah (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 643–61.Google Scholar
Näser, Claudia .(2017). ‘Structures and Realities of the Egyptian Presence in Lower Nubia from the Middle Kingdom to the New Kingdom: the Egyptian cemetery S/SA at Aniba’, in Spencer, Neal, Stevens, Anna and Michaela Binder (eds.), Nubia in the New Kingdom: Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions. Proceedings of the July 2013 Conference at the British Museum. BMPES 3. Peeters: Leuven, 557–74.Google Scholar
Niwiński, Andrzej. (1988). 21st Dynasty Coffins from Thebes, Chronological and Typological Studies. Theben 5. von Zabern: Mainz.Google Scholar
Niwiński, Andrzej .(2014). ‘Did the Pat-People and the Rekhyt-People have Different Burial Ceremonies?’, in Jucha, Mariusz A., Joanna, D, Bowska-Ludwin and Kołodziejczyk, Piotr (eds.), Aegyptus Imago Caelo. Studies presented to Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz on his 60th Birthday. Jagiellonian University in Kraków: Kraków, 253–60.Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune. (2017). ‘“An Image of the Owner as He Was on Earth”: Representation and Ontology in Middle Kingdom Funerary Images’, in Miniaci, Gianluca, Betrò, Marilina and Quirke, Stephen (eds.), Company of Images: Modelling the Imaginary World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000–1500 BC). Peeters: Leuven, Paris, Bristol, CT, 337–59.Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .(2018). ‘“Taking Ancient Egyptian Mortuary Religion Seriously”: Why Would We, and How Could We?’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 17 (March): 73–87.Google Scholar
Odler, Martin. (2015). ‘Copper Model Tools in Old Kingdom Female Burials’, in Pinarello, Massimiliano S., Yoo, Justin, Lundock, Jason and Walsh, Carl (eds.), Current Research in Egyptology 2014. Oxbow: Oxford: 39–58.Google Scholar
Otto, Eberhard. (1975). ‘Ach’, in Helck, Wolfgang and Otto, Eberhard (eds.), Lexikon der Ägyptologie I. Otto Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 49–51.Google Scholar
van Pelt, W. Paul. (2013). ‘Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations in New Kingdom Lower Nubia: From Egyptianization to Cultural Entanglement’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 23(3): 523–50.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. .(1907). Gizeh and Rifeh. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, Bernard Quaritch: London.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. .(1930). Beth-Pelet I (Tell Fara). Publications of the Egyptian Research Account 48, Bernard Quaritch: London.Google Scholar
Petrie, William M. Flinders and Guy Brunton. (1924). Sedment II. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, Bernard Quaritch: London.Google Scholar
Petrie, Flinders W. M., Wainwright, G. A. and Mackay, E.. (1912). The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh. British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Bernard Quaritch: London.Google Scholar
Cornelius, von Pilgrim. (2021). ‘Middle Kingdom Settlement Geography at the First Cataract’, in Jiménez-Serrano, Alejandro and Morales, Antonio J. (eds.), Middle Kingdom Palaces Culture and Its Echoes in the Provinces. Harvard Egyptological Studies 12, Brill: Leiden and Boston, 393–416.Google Scholar
Pinarello, Massimiliano Samuele. (2015). An Archaeological Discussion of Writing Practice: Deconstruction of the Ancient Egyptian Scribe. GHP Egyptology 23. Golden House Publications: London.Google Scholar
Pinch, Geraldine. (2003). ‘Redefining Funerary Objects’, in Hawass, Zahi and Brock, Lyla Pinch (eds.), Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists Cairo, 2000, 2 History Religion. The American University in Cairo Press: Cairo and New York, 443–7.Google Scholar
Polz, Daniel. (1991). ‘Die Särge aus Schacht 2 der Grabanlage’, in Assmann, Jan, Das Grab des Amenemope (TT41). von Zabern: Mainz, 244–67.Google Scholar
Polz, Daniel .(1995). ‘Bericht über die 4. und 5. Grabungskampagne in der Nekropole von Dra’ Abu el-Naga/Theben West’, MDAIK 51: 207–25.Google Scholar
Poole, Frederico. (1999). ‘Social Implications of the Shabti Customs in the New Kingdom’, in Pirelli, Rosanna (ed.), Egyptological Studies for Claudio Barocas. Istituto Universitario Orientale: Naples, 95–113.Google Scholar
Porten, Bezalel (ed.). (2011). The Elephantine Papyri in English. Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui, vol 22. Brill: Atlanta.Google Scholar
Wegner, Pouls, Mary-Ann. (2015). ‘Anthropoid Clay Coffins of the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age in Egypt and the Near East: A Re-Evaluation of the Evidence from Tell El-Yahudiya’, in Harrison, Timothy P., Banning, Edward B. and Klassen, Stanley (eds.), Walls of the Prince: Egyptian Interactions with Southwest Asia in Antiquity. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, vol. 77. Brill: Leiden and Boston: 292–315.Google Scholar
Prell, Silvia. (2019). ‘Burial Customs as Cultural Marker: A “Global” Approach’, in Bietak, Manfred and Prell, Silvia (eds.), The Enigma of the Hyksos, volume I: ASOR conference Boston 2017 – ICAANE conference Munich 2018 – Collected papers. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 124–47.Google Scholar
Quack, Joachim Friedrich. (2009). ‘Grab und Grabausstattung im späten Ägypten’, in Berlejung, Angelika and Janowski, Bernd (eds.), Tod und Jenseits im alten Israel und in seiner Umwelt, Forschungen zum Alten Testament 64. Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen, 597–62.Google Scholar
Quirke, Stephen. (2005). ‘Gaming-Board Squares’, in Trope, Betsy Teasley, Quirke, Stephen and Lacocara, Peter (eds.), Excavating Egypt. Michael C. Carlos Museum, Atlanta, 126–7. no. 95.Google Scholar
Quirke, Stephen .(2013). Going out in Daylight – prt m hrw: The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead – Translation, Sources, Meanings. GHP Egyptology 20. Golden House Publications: London.Google Scholar
David, Randall-Maciver and Mace, Arthur C.. (1902). El Amrah and Abydos, 1899–1901. Egypt Exploration Fund: London.Google Scholar
Randall-Maciver, David and Woolley, Leonard C.. (1911). Buhen (2 volumes: Text, Plates). University Museum Philadelphia: Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Raven, Maarten J. (2005). ‘Egyptian Concepts on the Orientation of the Human Body’, JEA 91: 37–53.Google Scholar
Richards, Janet. (2005). Society and Death in Ancient Egypt: Mortuary Landscape of the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rogge, Eva. (1988a). ‘Face from a Mummy Mask’, in D’Auria, Sue, Lacovara, Peter and Roehrig, Catherine H. (eds.), Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt. Museum of Fine Arts: Boston, 132, no. 65.Google Scholar
Rogge, Eva. (1988b). ‘Face from a Mummy Mask’, in D’Auria, Sue, Peter Lacovara, Catherine H. Roehrig (eds.), Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt. Museum of Fine Arts: Boston, 132–3, no. 66.Google Scholar
Roth, Ann Macy. (1988). ‘Tomb Group of a Woman’, in D’Auria, Sue, Peter Lacovara, Catherine H. Roehrig (eds.), Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt. Museum of Fine Arts: Boston, 76–7, no. 6.Google Scholar
Saleh, Mohamed and Sourouzian, Hourig. (1987). Official Catalogue, The Egyptian Museum Cairo. von Zabern: Mainz.Google Scholar
Sartini, Lisa. (2015). ‘The Black Coffins with Yellow Decoration: A Typological and Chronological Study’. Egitto e Vicino Oriente 28: 49–66.Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny and Troy, Lana. (1991). New Kingdom Pharaonic Sites: The Finds and the Sites. The Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia vols 5:2 and 5: 3. Almqvist and Wiksell: Uppsala.Google Scholar
el-Sawi, Ahmed. (1979). Excavations at Tell Basta, Report of Seasons 1967–1971 and Catalogue of Finds. Charles University: Prague.Google Scholar
Schäfer, Heinrich. (1908). Priestergräber und andere Grabfunde von Ende des Altens Reichs bis zur griechischen Zeit vom Totentempel des Ne-use-rê. J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung: Leipzig.Google Scholar
Seger, Joe D. (1988). Gezer V: The Field I Caves. Ben-Zvi Printing Enterprises: Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, Stephan. (1990). Gräberfelder aus dem Übergang vom Alten zum Mittleren Reich. SAGA 1, Heidelberger Orientverlag: Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, Stephan .(2001). ‘Die Ikonographie des Todes’, in Willems, Harco (ed.), Social Aspects of Funerary Culture in the Egyptian Old and Middle Kingdoms: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Leiden University 6–7 June, 1996. Peeters: Leuven, 205–52.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, Stephan .(2006). ‘Der Beitrag der Gräberfelder zur Siedlungsarchäologie Ägyptens’, in Ernst Czerny, Irmgard Hein, Hermann Hunger, Dagmar Melman and Angela Schwab (eds.), Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, vol. I, Peeters: Leuven, Paris, Dudley, MA, 309–16.Google Scholar
Seidlmayer, Stephan .(2007). ‘People at Beni Hassan: Contributions to a Model of Ancient Egyptian Rural Society’, in Hawass, Zahi A. and Richards, Janet (eds.), The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor 2. Supreme Council of Antiquities: Cairo, 351–68.Google Scholar
Serpico, Margaret. (2008). ‘Sedment’, in Picton, Jan and Pridden, Ivor (eds.), Unseen Images, Archive Photographs in the Petrie Museum, Volume I: Gurob, Sedment and Tarkhan. Golden House Publications: London, 99–180.Google Scholar
Smith, Mark. (2017). Following Osiris: Perspectives on the Osirian Afterlife from Four Millennia. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Smith, Stuart Tyson. (1992). ‘Intact Theban tombs of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Dynasties from Thebes and the New Kingdom Burial System’, MDAIK 48: 193–231.Google Scholar
Smith, Stuart Tyson .(2003). Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt’s Nubian Empire. Routledge: London and New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Stuart Tyson .(2015). ‘Hekanefer and the Lower Nubian Princes Entanglement, Double Identity or Topos and Mimesis’, in Amstutz, Hans, Dorn, Andreas, Müller, Mathias, Ronsdorf, Miriam and Uljas, Sami (eds.), Fuzzy Boundaries, Festschrift für Antonio Loprieno, II. Widmaier: Hamburg: 767–79.Google Scholar
Smith, Stuart Tyson .(2020). ‘The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination During the New Kingdom’, in Emberling, Geoff and Williams, Bruce Beyer (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia, the New Kingdom. New York: Oxford University Press, 369–94.Google Scholar
Spence, Kate. (2019). ‘New Kingdom Tombs in Lower and Upper Nubia’, in Raue, Dietrich (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Nubia. De Gruyter: Berlin and Boston, 541–66.Google Scholar
Spencer, Neil. (2009). ‘Cemeteries and a Late Ramesside Suburb at Amara West’, Sudan & Nubia 13: 47–62.Google Scholar
Staring, Nico. (2015). ‘Studies in the Saqqara New Kingdom Necropolis: From the Mid-19th Century Exploration of the Site to New Insights into the Life and Death of Memphite Officials, Their Tombs and the Use of Sacred Space’ (unpublished PhD). Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Stevens, Anna. (2017). ‘Death and the City: The Cemeteries of Amarna in their Urban Context’. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28(1): 103–26.Google Scholar
Stevens, Anna (2018a). ‘Beyond Iconography: The Amarna Coffins in Social Context’, in Taylor, John H. and Vandenbeusch, Marie (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins, Craft Traditions and Functionality, BMPES 4. Peeters: Leuven, Paris, Bristol, CT: 139–60.Google Scholar
Stevens, Anna and Dabbs, Gretchen. (2017). ‘The North Tombs Cemetery Excavations and Skeletal Analysis’, JEA 103: 137–49.Google Scholar
Svizzero, Serge and Tisdell, Clement. (2014). ‘Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered’, Economics and Sociology, 7(3): 222–39.Google Scholar
Svyantek, Daniel J., Mahoney, Kevin T. and Brown., Linda L (2002). ‘Diversity And Effectiveness in the Roman and Persian Empires’, The International Journal Of Organizational Analysis, 10(3): 260–83.Google Scholar
Stiebing, William Henry. (1970). Burial Practices in Palestine during the Bronze Age. University Microfilms: Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Taylor, John H. (2017). ‘The Coffins from Debeira: Regional Interpretations of New Kingdom Funerary Iconography’, in Spencer, Neil, Stevens, Anna and Binder, Michaela (eds.), Nubia in the New Kingdom: Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions. Peeters: Leuven, 537–56.Google Scholar
Tietze, Christian (1985). ‘Amarna: Analyse des Wohnhäuser und soziale Struktur der Stadtbewohner’, ZÄS 112: 48–84.Google Scholar
Török, László. (2009). Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC–AD 500, Probleme der Ägyptologie 29. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar
van den Brink, Edwin C. M. (2016). ‘Clay Coffin with Anthropoid Lid’, in Tor, Daphna Ben (ed.), Pharaohs in Canaan: The Untold Story. The Israel Museum: Jerusalem, 128–30, no. 51.Google Scholar
van den Brink, Edwin C. Ron Beeri, M. et al. (2017). ‘A Late Bronze Age II Clay Coffin from Tel Shaddud in the Central Jezreel Valley, Israel: Context and Historical Implications’, Levant 49(2): 105–35.Google Scholar
Carol, van Driel-Murray. (2000). ‘Leatherwork and Skin Products’, in Nicholson, Paul T. and Shaw, Ian (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 299–319.Google Scholar
Ventura, Raphael. (1987). ‘Four Egyptian Funerary Stelae from Deir el-Balaḥ’, Israel Exploration Journal 37(2/3): 105–15.Google Scholar
Vogt, Katharina. (2013). ‘Berufsbezogene Beigaben oder Status- und Prestigeobjekte? Kontextanalyse spezifischer Grabbeigaben aus nicht-königlichen Bestattungen des Neuen Reiches’. in Neunert, Gregor, Gabler, Kathrin, and Verbovsek, Alexandra (eds.), Nekropolen: Grab – Bild – Ritual. Beiträge des zweiten Münchner Arbeitskreises Junge Aegyptologie (MAJA 2), 2. bis 4. 12.2011. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden: 233–52.Google Scholar
Wada, Koichiro. (2007). ‘Provincial Society and Cemetery Organization in the New Kingdom’, SAK 36: 347–89.Google Scholar
Wodzińska, Anna. (2010). A Manual of Egyptian Pottery, Volume 3: Second Intermediate Period–Late Period. Ancient Research Associates: Boston.Google Scholar
Weill, Raymond. (1938). ‘Ceux qui n’avaient pas de tombeau dans l’Égypte ancienne’, Revue del’histoire des religions, 118: 5–32.Google Scholar
Willems, Harco. (2014). Historical and Archaeological Aspects of Egyptian Funerary Culture. Brill: Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Williams, Bruce Beyer. (1992). New Kingdom Remains from Cemeteries R, V, S and W at Qustul and Cemetery K at Adindan. The Oriental Institute Chicago: Chicago.Google Scholar
Zillhardt, Ruth. (2009). Kinderbestattungen und die soziale Stellung des Kindes im alten Ägypten: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Ostfriedhofes von Deir el-Medine. Miszellen, Göttinger, Beihefte 6. Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie der Universität Göttingen: Göttingen.Google Scholar
- 8
- Cited by