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Influence of Pore Fluid Composition on Volume of Sediments in Kaolinite Suspensions
- J. Chen, A. Anandarajah
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- Journal:
- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 46 / Issue 2 / April 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2024, pp. 145-152
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Reported in this paper is a study of the influence of pore fluid composition on sediment volume of kaolinite suspensions. Laboratory tests have been conducted with kaolinite in water with NaCl, CaCl2 and A1C13 of different concentrations and in 10 types of organic liquids of varying values of static dielectric constant. The types of tests performed include regular suspension tests and leaching and cyclic leaching tests on kaolinite sediments. In the leaching tests, sediments formed during the regular suspension tests in water of low salt concentration were subsequently leached with water of high salt concentration. In the cyclic leaching tests, the salt concentration was increased and then decreased. The purpose of the leaching and cyclic leaching tests was to study the change in existing equilibrium fabric caused by subsequent changes in the concentration of salt in pore fluid. Results of the suspension tests indicate that sediment volume of a water suspension decreases with increase in ion concentration and increase in valence of cation. Leaching and cyclic leaching tests indicate that substantial change in salt concentration is required to change the existing fabric. The effect of dielectric constant of pore fluid on sediment volume is somewhat complex. As the dielectric constant increases from 1.9 for heptane to 110 for formamide, sediment volume first decreases, assuming a minimum at 24 for ethanol, increases with a maximum at 80 for water, and decreases again until 110 for formamide. An approximate physico-chemical analysis model is used to interpret some of the data in a quantitative manner. In the analysis model, recently developed theories of double-layer repulsive and van der Waals attractive forces are combined to simulate the behavior of suspensions.
8 - E-commerce in Singapore: Current State, Policies and Regulations
- from PART IV
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- By Kala Anandarajah, Head, Competition & Antitrust and Trade Lead Partner, Corporate Governance, Tanya Tang, Partner (Chief Economic and Policy Advisor), Rajah & Tann Singapore LLP, Zheng Xi, Associate, Rajah & Tann Asia Singapore LLP
- Edited by Cassey Lee, Eileen Lee
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- Book:
- E-Commerce, Competition and ASEAN Economic Integration
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 31 January 2020
- Print publication:
- 10 October 2019, pp 193-231
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Summary
Introduction
Singapore has a highly developed and open economy. The country, which has the highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Southeast Asia, is also well-known for its corruption-free environment. The main drivers of the growth of the Singaporean economy include the manufacturing, finance and insurance sectors (Ministry of Trade and Industry 2017). The Singapore population is highly educated and tech-savvy, with a literacy rate of 97.0 per cent amongst residents aged 15 years and above (Department of Statistics Singapore n.d.), and 84 per cent of the population are internet users in 2016 (IMDA 2018). The Singapore government has encouraged Singaporean businesses to venture into overseas markets by taking advantage of new opportunities in the digital economy and build strong capabilities in innovation and enterprise (Budget 2017). These conditions make Singapore a conducive environment for the growth and development of e-commerce.
This chapter provides an analysis of the current state of e-commerce in Singapore from a number of perspectives. The outline of this chapter is as follows. After defining e-commerce in Section 2, the state of e-commerce infrastructure is discussed in Section 3. The size of Singapore's e-commerce is examined in Section 4. The evolution of e-commerce in terms of the major players in the industry is discussed in Section 5. Government policies, as well as the laws and regulations governing e-commerce in the country, are covered in Sections 6 and 7, respectively. Competition law and policy-related issues are discussed in Section 8. Factors that can impede and restrict the opportunities for e-commerce growth in Singapore are discussed in Section 9. Finally, Section 10 concludes by presenting policy recommendations for the further development of e-commerce in Singapore.
Defining E-commerce
E-commerce refers to the sale and purchase of goods and services over the internet and includes ancillary activities which support such transactions. E-commerce transactions can take place between businesses and consumers (B2C), between businesses (B2B) or between the government and businesses (G2B); between consumers (C2C) whereby consumers buy and sell directly to each other through platforms such as eBay; as well as between the government and citizens via the offering of e-Government services.
Singapore
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- By Kala Anandarajah, Rajah & Tann LLP, Singapore, Dominique Lombardi, Rajah & Tann LLP, Singapore
- General editor Maher M. Dabbah, Queen Mary University of London, Paul Lasok QC
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- Book:
- Merger Control Worldwide
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2012, pp 1204-1221
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Summary
The merger provisions in the Singapore Competition Act (Cap 50B) (‘the Act’) came into force on 1 July 2007 and only apply to mergers implemented after 1 July 2007. Under these provisions, mergers that may result in a substantial lessening of competition within any market in Singapore are prohibited.
The merger regime, which is administered by the Competition Commission of Singapore (CCS), provides for a voluntary rather than a mandatory notification process. However, notification of a merger to the CCS is possible and is even recommended when the market share of the merged entity meets an indicative threshold, as this will suggest that the merger is likely to result in a substantial lessening of competition (SLC).
From the merger regime’s coming into force on 1 July 2007 to the end of 2009, 15 mergers had been notiied to the CCS. All these mergers but one have been declared as not infringing the merger prohibition in the Act.
This chapter provides an overview of the operation of the merger provisions in Singapore. It does not discuss the provisions of the Takeover Code, which typically applies to all mergers and acquisitions.
Influence of plating density, sucrose and light during development on the germination and vigour of Medicago sativa L. somatic embryos after desiccation
- K. Anandarajah, B. D. McKersie
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- Journal:
- Seed Science Research / Volume 2 / Issue 3 / September 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 September 2008, pp. 133-140
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Somatic embryo quality is an important aspect of artificial or synthetic seed production and is dependent on proper morphological development and deposition of sufficient storage reserves to support early growth of the seedling. The abilities of a somatic embryo to survive desiccation and to establish a rapidly growing seedling were used as estimates of quality and were dependent on a number of factors during the elongation and maturation phases of somatic embryo development. Embryo quality was significantly enhanced when the sucrose content of the elongation and maturation media was increased to 50 g I−1 from 30 g I−1. This increased dry weight to >2 mg embryo−1 suggesting greater deposition of storage reserves. Higher sucrose concentrations were inhibitory and reduced survival after desiccation and seedling vigour. An optimum number of embryos can be supported on one Petri plate; the number was controlled by the plating density of the embryogenic cell clusters spread on the elongation medium. This optimum was dependent to some extent on the sucrose content of the medium, indicating that sucrose had a nutritive effect on embryo development and not solely an osmotic effect. Light intensity was another critical factor. Intensities > 75 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at the elongation stage of development blocked globular-stage somatic embryo development. Maturing somatic embryos were far less sensitive to high light intensities and development was more rapid at 150 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD. Light quality was manipulated by covering plates with filters that selectively transmitted certain regions of the visible spectrum. All filter treatments reduced embryo yield and quality compared with embryos developing under fullspectrum light; varying the light spectrum does not seem to be a viable method of enhancing somatic embryo quality.
23 - Singapore
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- By Kala Anandarajah, Partner, Dominique Lombardi, Foreign Lawyer Rajah & Tann
- General editor Maher M. Dabbah, Queen Mary University of London, K. P. E. Lasok QC
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- Book:
- Merger Control Worldwide
- Published online:
- 30 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 May 2008, pp 114-128
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Summary
The Singapore Competition Act (Cap. 50B) (the “Act”) was passed into law in October 2004. The Act has been brought into force in phases. In phase 1, the provisions establishing the Competition Commission of Singapore (the “CCS”) and the Competition Appeal Board first came into force, respectively on 1 January 2005 and on 1 September 2005. In phase 2, the provisions relating to anti-competitive agreements (the section 34 prohibition) and abuse of dominance (the section 47 prohibition) came into force on 1 January 2006. The merger provisions, which are also regulated by the Act, were brought into force as part of phase 3 of the implementation of the Act.
The Merger control regime of Singapore applies only to mergers that have occurred after 1 July 2007, i.e. where control has not passed or was not acquired or transferred before 1 July 2007. However, it is important to note that where the documentation in relation to the merger has been executed before 1 July 2007 but control has not passed before 1 July 2007, the merger would still be reviewed under the regime.
Although the notification of a merger is not compulsory under the Act, the CCS encourages merger parties to notify their merger situation when an indicative threshold is met, as this will suggest that the merger is likely to result in a substantial lessening of competition (SLC).
This chapter provides an overview of the operation of the merger provisions in Singapore.