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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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three - Reinventing cities in a restructuring region? The rhetoric and reality of renaissance in Liverpool and Manchester
- Edited by Martin Boddy, Michael Parkinson
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- City Matters
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- Bristol University Press
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- 20 January 2022
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- 19 May 2004, pp 33-50
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Summary
Governing urban change in England’s North West
The cities of Manchester and Liverpool in England’s North-West region have historically had a symbiotic, if fractious, relationship with each other that was critical to the UK’s early industrial ascendancy. Manchester was the key manufacturing centre, and Liverpool was the distributive hub providing a crucial link with the (colonial) trading world. By the closing decades of the 20th century, both were beset by the precipitous decline in ‘traditional’ industries that was typical of UK cities in crisis (Turok and Edge, 1999). In both cities, new political leaderships elected during the mid-1980s followed a course of practical and symbolic opposition to virtually every attempt by a Conservative national government to tackle its understanding of ‘the British disease’ (Parkinson, 1985; Harding, 2000). And yet, by the end of the 20th century, Liverpool and Manchester were popularly seen as divergent in both their development trajectories and the manner in which they were managed. On the one hand was Manchester, a now ‘pragmatic’ but still Labour-dominated city that has been seen as a paragon of renaissance and policy innovation by successive Conservative and Labour national administrations and which feels justified in proclaiming itself the de facto regional capital. On the other was Liverpool, a city that struggled to overcome the legacy of the militant-led, Trotskyite-influenced Labour administration of the mid-1980s and was beset by political indecision and lack of strategic direction. Arguably, as a result, it lost ground to its regional neighbour 30 miles along the M62 motorway.
The core objective of the Liverpool-Manchester Integrated Case Study (LMICS) was to assess the extent to which the effectiveness (or otherwise) of the structures and processes of urban governance had an independent impact, over time, upon the economic, social and environmental fortunes of the North West’s two principle metropolitan areas. While the study team remained resolutely sceptical about the anthropomorphic and heroic theory of history, which has it that cities can ‘pull themselves up by their own bootstraps’, this line of enquiry was useful in setting the context for the study. This was the case, not least, because the conventional wisdom about the development trajectories of the two cities over the last two decades strongly suggests that ‘governance makes a difference’.
Review Article: North Urban Political Economy, Urban Theory and British Research
- ALAN HARDING
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Political Science / Volume 29 / Issue 4 / September 1999
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- 01 September 1999, pp. 673-698
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- September 1999
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In 1976, when European debates within urban theory were dominated by neo-Marxist and neo-Weberian approaches to cities as sites for the provision of social and welfare services, the very different notion of ‘the city as growth machine’ slipped into the US urban studies lexicon with the publication of Harvey Molotch's article of the same name. In 1983, the year in which Castells brought the radical phase of European urban studies to a halt with a famous warning against ‘the useless construction of abstract grand theory’, the concept of an urban regime had a similarly unobtrusive birth when the phrase was used by Fainstein and Fainstein to describe ‘the circle of powerful elected officials and top administrators’ in US city government. Had the story ended there it is unlikely that the world – especially outside North America – would have heard much more of urban regimes and growth machines. As it has turned out, though, from the late 1980s onwards urban scholars have hardly seemed able to hear enough about these two approaches within US urban political economy.
7 - Thirteenth-century politics
- Alan Harding, University of Liverpool
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- England in the Thirteenth Century
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- 05 June 2012
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- 30 July 1993, pp 264-320
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Thirteenth-century politics have two aspects: the relations of the English Crown with the European princes, with the kings of Scots and the princes of Wales, and with powerful vassals in the marches and in Ireland; and the dealings of royal government with communities and social groups within the land, dictated to a large extent by foreign ambitions and the demands they generated.
ENGLAND, FRANCE AND THE PAPACY, 1199 – 1213
When Richard I was killed in April 1199 in a minor skirmish in the Limousin, the question of the relative status of the kingdoms of England and France was raised in an acute form. Richard wanted his younger brother John, count of Mortain, to succeed to all his lands, but feudal custom was not clear that John's claim was as good as that of his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the son of Richard's and John's long-dead elder brother Geoffrey. King Philip Augustus accepted Arthur's homage for much of Richard's enormous territory in France; and when John took possession of the duchy of Normandy and refused homage, Philip retaliated by supporting Arthur's claim to the English Crown as well. Perhaps through the advocacy of William the Marshal, John prevailed in England, despite the bad reputation his scheming had already earned him. And soon matrimonial difficulties, which incurred the threat of a papal interdict, compelled Philip to a settlement: for a massive relief, John was accepted as Philip's vassal for all the French lands.
Conclusion: the making of a state
- Alan Harding, University of Liverpool
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- England in the Thirteenth Century
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- 05 June 2012
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- 30 July 1993, pp 321-323
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How can the stories of the peasantry, the townsmen, the professional people and their lords be combined with a narrative of political events to produce a single story of ‘what happened in thirteenth-century England’? Tout's struggle between the barons and administrators and Hilton's ‘feudal crisis’ are possible frameworks for such a history, but they have no basis in contemporary ideas and cover only parts of the century's experience. Powicke's formation of a ‘community of the realm’ out of the communities of manors, gilds and shires does have a contemporary resonance, but leaves out too much of the spite and conflict. A concept which is both adequate to the thirteenth-century experience and based in contemporary ideas is ‘the making of a state’. The notion of the state takes its force from its ambivalence: it means at the same time the ordered community which is to be cherished and the coercive regime which enforces the order and easily comes to be feared and hated. Significantly, when the term comes into fairly regular use in the thirteenth century it is most often in the dual form: ‘the state of the king and the kingdom’ (status regis et regni). Social and governmental developments, and relations with other states can all be brought under the concept.
At all levels feudal relationships were giving way to legal status. At the end of the century, the kings of England, France and Scotland faced one another as heads of nation-states, though they still argued in feudal terms when it suited them.
Preface and acknowledgements
- Alan Harding, University of Liverpool
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- England in the Thirteenth Century
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- 05 June 2012
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- 30 July 1993, pp ix-ix
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A century is an arbitrary stretch of time, which becomes history only as the processes taking place within it are understood. The most obvious processes are political, so that the first way chroniclers divided up the century was into the reigns of kings. For a long time history was about the way rulers exercised power in society, by open violence, but also by guile and the use of a growing apparatus of administration. As the records generated by administration were opened up, other types of interaction between the members of a community were discovered, such as the relations between lord and peasant in a manorial economy, and between employers and workers in the towns; or rather, it was gradually realized that these relationships could change over time, in patterns which might be fitted to the political themes. Social history reaches maturity when it can trace the growth of the framework of institutions, and of the culture which gives them significance. From at least the Tudor period the thirteenth century has been given crucial importance in English history as the period when Parliament and statute law emerged. At the same time it was perceived that the origins of Parliament needed to be traced to changing relationships within feudal society. On similar assumptions this book begins with an account of the uncovering of the sources for the history of England in the thirteenth century and the new interpretations that it provoked, and comes to the politics last, after tracing the social changes which lay behind them.
![](https://assets.cambridge.org/97805213/16125/cover/9780521316125.jpg)
England in the Thirteenth Century
- Alan Harding
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- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 30 July 1993
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This is a comprehensive account of politics, government and society in thirteenth-century England. Three episodes stand out: the revolt of the barons against King John in 1215, the protest against the misgovernment of Henry III which began in 1258, and the resistance to the demands of Edward I on the resources of the land which came to a head in 1297. Professor Harding places these political events in the context of social and economic change, in order to provide a rounded account of the century. The introduction demonstrates the constitutional importance given by past historians to the period which saw the framing of the Magna Carta and the beginnings of Parliament and statute law. The central chapters describe the developing social structure of peasants, townsmen and professional people, knights, clergy and lay magnates. The book finally sees the politics of the century in terms of royal ambitions to dominate Britain and to play a leading role in Europe.
Contents
- Alan Harding, University of Liverpool
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- England in the Thirteenth Century
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- 05 June 2012
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- 30 July 1993, pp vii-viii
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2 - The peasants and the land
- Alan Harding, University of Liverpool
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- England in the Thirteenth Century
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- 30 July 1993, pp 68-105
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The economic trends which were changing society at all levels at the beginning of the thirteenth century were population growth, agricultural boom and the linked phenomenon of inflation. England was in the middle of ‘a massive increase in both population and the acreage of agricultural land’. Perhaps 2 million people at the time of the Domesday inquest in 1086 would have risen to possibly 5 or 6 million on the eve of the Black Death in 1347. The increase was most marked in areas of reclamation from woodland and from the East Anglian fens, and in the northern and western uplands where it started from a low base, but every county saw a doubling of its inhabitants and Yorkshire probably a tenfold increase. More agricultural labourers produced more crops to meet the swelling demand, and the crops were traded more widely in a growing number of markets; but another result of a sharp rise in a population living from the soil was a land–hunger the consequences of which became apparent as the thirteenth century advanced.
There was also from the 1160s to the early fourteenth century something like a quadrupling of prices. In the long term it was caused partly by the inability of agricultural production to keep up with the growth of the population it had to feed, and partly by the development of a market economy in which money circulated at an accelerating rate in pursuit of a widening range of goods.
5 - Knights
- Alan Harding, University of Liverpool
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- England in the Thirteenth Century
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- 05 June 2012
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- 30 July 1993, pp 180-219
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Professional people, like the peasantry and tradesmen, existed to serve the lords of the land, who were themselves being drawn into administrative roles. The lords were united by their own ideas of honourable service within a hierarchy leading up to the king as lord paramount, and by the practicalities of the land tenure which sealed relationships of vassalage. Because the service of the lay lords was originally that of the knights who gave the Conqueror his throne, the relationship was also the source of politics. By 1200 the knight's fee had become hereditary property, and the development of a land market was weakening the connection between the hierarchy of lordship and the distribution of wealth. As landholders, moreover, the lords were subject to the economic pressures of the thirteenth century, at the same time as their military service was being transformed into the exercise of territorial authority in the name of a developing state. The two sorts of change combined to force the magnates to rebuild their relationships with the knights of the shires on a new footing.
KNIGHTS AT WAR
The early thirteenth century was the great age of the chivalric romances about King Arthur's court, which glorified the military prowess of knights in the service of their lords and ladies and of the Church founded by Our Lord, in supreme works of European literature such as Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival and Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan.
Chronological table
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Index
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4 - Professional people
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Perhaps the towns' most important contribution of all to thirteenth-century history was their concentration and nurturing of the professional skills of law and administration which made thirteenth-century advances in government possible. From the tenth century the county towns from which the sheriff and his bailiffs operated had been the focal points of the system of territorial administration, and they were reinforced in that role by the visits of the justices in eyre to the shire court. The Normans' patronage of Benedictine monasteries and enthusiasm for cathedral-building; the settlement of schoolmen at Oxford, Cambridge and Northampton even though they lacked the prestige of cathedral cities; and the coming of the friars to the towns – all this gave urban communities an extra cultural significance and a source of intellectual justification for their activities.
ESTATE MANAGERS
There was as yet little sense that professional administrators were divided into the public officials of the Crown on the one hand and the private servants of the lords on the other: the lord king's first requirement, like any other lord's, was the administration of his estates; and the bailiffs of liberties exercised powers of government just as much as the sheriffs' officers. From the beginning of the century estate officials would have needed lists of plough-teams in order to pay royal taxes, and by Edward I's reign written records of seignorial profits had reached down to village level.
Cambridge Medieval Textbooks
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6 - Magnates
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The judicial power achieved by the gentry in their individual counties did not translate easily into political influence at the centre of the country's affairs. There, a notion of representation derived from feudal relationships remained dominant – that the tenants-in-chief represented their tenants and the whole ‘community of the realm’ in dealings with the king as ‘lord paramount’. Chapter 14 of Magna Carta, though it was excluded from reissues, appears to set out the accepted principle. Before levying an aid (beyond the three to which every lord was entitled from his tenants: for his own ransoming, his eldest son's knighting and his eldest daughter's first marriage), and before imposing a scutage in place of knight service in the field, the king would ‘obtain the common counsel of the realm,’ by summoning individually the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls and greater barons, while the lesser tenants-in-chief would be summoned generally through his sheriffs and bailiffs. In all letters of summons the reason for it would be stated; the business would then go forward on the day arranged, and by implication all be committed by the outcome, ‘even if not all those summoned have come’.
The provision in Magna Carta for the consultation of the lesser men matured into the election to Parliament of ‘knights of the shire’, who were not, of course, usually tenants-in-chief of the king, nor by the fourteenth century sometimes even knights in the old sense at all.
1 - Introduction: sources and interpretations
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The interpretation of the past is a dialogue between the available evidence and historians who write from their own situation and understanding of society. This is equally true of the contemporary chroniclers and of historians working six hundred and more years after the period they study. The real subject of this first chapter is the changing ways in which thirteenth-century England was important to later generations.
THE CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLERS
The foundations of our image of thirteenth-century England were laid by forty or so contemporaries: some of them the anonymous authors of sets of annals, who continued year by year lists of outstanding events which they took over from previous annalists; at the other extreme, Matthew Paris, a major figure both as chronicler and artist, about whose personality and prejudices we know more than for almost anyone of the period. Thirteenth-century chroniclers of course continued to be churchmen, with the exception of a few London merchants who began to take an interest in compiling the annals of their city. As clerics they were peculiar in almost all being ‘religious’, however, that is monks or friars living by particular sets of rules as members of sometimes very rich communities – a marked change from the situation in the later twelfth century, when the ‘secular’ clergy who staffed the fast-growing royal administration had produced notable historians such as Richard FitzNeal and Roger of Howden.
List of abbreviations
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Guide to further reading
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Frontmatter
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3 - Traders and townsmen
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MARKET TRADERS
The translation of communal life into politics is clearer in the towns, which were specialized communities for the promotion of trade, the practice of religion and the exercise of secular government. That trade in agricultural produce was the force behind urban growth is shown by the process of town foundation, which reaches its peak in the 1230s at about the same time as the agricultural boom and falls off steeply in the early fourteenth century. Behind the plantation of new towns, and following a similar time-scale, lay a general establishment of new markets throughout the countryside. Very often these must have crystallized a mass of informal trading of which we get glimpses in such incidents as a case of homicide in Liverpool heard in 1305 by the justices of trailbaston: this was found to have arisen from an argument between Robert Clark and William Brown as they travelled from Chester (perhaps by way of the Birkenhead ferry) – an argument about money, goods and chattels which William had received from Robert ‘to trade with for their common profit’ and for which he refused to account.
The rural market, like villeinage, was a basic institution which demanded recognition in the laws of King and Church. Long before 1200 the holding of markets and the exaction of tolls from those who came to trade in them were valuable rights for which landlords would often obtain the security of royal charters.
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