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71461 Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Testing among Women in Rural Southwestern Uganda
- Cassandra Schember, Jessica Perkins, Viola Nyakato, Bernard Kakuhikire, Allen Kiconco, Betty Namara, Lauren Brown, Carolyn Audet, April Pettit, David Bangsberg, Alexander Tsai
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 5 / Issue s1 / March 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 March 2021, pp. 131-132
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: This research shows that physical intimate partner violence was associated with never testing for HIV while verbal intimate partner violence was associated with increased testing for HIV suggesting that HIV testing interventions should consider intimate partner violence prevention. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: HIV incidence is higher among women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV). However, few studies have assessed the association between HIV testing (regardless of the result) and the experience of IPV. Our objective was to assess the relationship between IPV and HIV testing among women from rural southwestern Uganda. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a whole-population, cross-sectional study including women ?18 years of age who were permanent residents in 8 villages of Rwampara District, southwestern Uganda from 2011-2012 who reported having a primary partner in the past 12 months. We surveyed participants to assess their exposure to 12 different forms of verbal, physical, and/or sexual IPV, and whether they had ever been tested for HIV. We used three separate modified Poisson regression models, clustering by village, to estimate the association between each type of IPV and ever testing for HIV, adjusting for categorical age, completion of more than primary education, and any food insecurity measured by the nine-item Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 496 women with a primary partner (>95% response rate), 64 (13%) had never tested for HIV, 297 (60%) reported verbal IPV, 81 (16%) reported physical IPV, and 131 (26%) reported sexual IPV. Further, among these women, 208 (42%) were aged <30 years, 378 (76%) had a primary or no education, and 390 (79%) experienced food insecurity. Never having been tested for HIV was positively associated with physical IPV (adjusted risk ratio (ARR): 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.56) and negatively associated with verbal IPV (ARR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.44-0.99), but not sexual IPV (ARR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.51-2.12). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Among this population of adult women with partners in Uganda, physical IPV was associated with never testing for HIV while verbal IPV was associated with increased testing for HIV. Evidence suggests that HIV testing interventions should consider IPV prevention, and future studies should focus on why certain IPV types impact HIV testing rates.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Letter CXXXIX
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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- 01 December 2011, pp 464-464
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Summary
The Daughter's Answer.
Honoured Father,
I Received your Letter Yesterday, and am sorry I stay’d a Moment in my Master's House after his vile Attempt. But he was so full of his Promises, of never offering the like again, that I hoped I might believe him; nor have I yet seen any thing to the contrary: But am so much convinced, that I ought to have done as you say, that I have this Day left the House; and hope to be with you soon after you will have received this Letter. I am
Your dutiful Daughter.
Letter LXXVI
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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- 01 December 2011, pp 407-410
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A humorous Epistle of neighbourly Occurrences and News, to a Bottle-Companion abroad.
Dear Bob,
I am glad to hear you’re in the Land of the Living still. You expect from me an Account of what has happen’d among your old Acquaintance since you have been abroad. I will give it you, and, ‘bating that two or three Years always make vast Alterations in mature Life, you would be surpris’d at the Havock and Changes that small Space of Time has made in the Circle of our Acquaintance. To begin then with myself: I have had the Misfortune to lose my Son Jo; and my Daughter Judy is marry’d, and has brought me another Jo. Jack Kid of the Fountain, where we kept our Club, has lost his Wife, who was a special Bar-keeper, got his Maid Prisc. with Child———you remember the Slut, by her mincing Airs—marry’d her, and is broke: But not till he had, with his horrid Stum,poison’d half the Society. We began to complain of his Wine, you know, before you left us; and I told him he should let us have Neat, who drank our Gallons, if he was honest to himself; and, if he was to regard Conscience as well as Interest, must do less Harm by dispensing his Rats-bane to those who drank Pints, than to those honest Fellows who swallow’d Gallons, and, in so handsome a Dose of the one, must take a too large Quantity of the other: But the Dog was incorrigible; for he went on brewing and poisoning, till he kill’d his best Customers, and then what could he expect?
Why what follow’d; for, truly, Bob, we began to tumble like rotten Sheep. As thus: The Dance was begun by that season’d Sinner Tim. Brackley, the Half-pint Man, who was always sotting by himself, with his Whets in the Morning, his Correctives after Dinner, and Digesters at Night, and at last tipt off of one of the Kitchen-benches in an Apoplexy. ‘Tis true he was not of our Club; tho’ we might have taken Warning by his Fall, as the Saying is; but were above it. So the Rot got among us; and first, honest laughing Jack Adams kick’d up of a Fever.
Letter CLXXIII
- Samuel Richardson
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- 01 December 2011, pp 524-526
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Summary
To a Widow on the Death of her Husband.
Good Madam,
Allow me the Liberty of condoling with you on the truly great and heavy Loss you have sustain’d of an excellent Husband. All we, who had the Pleasure of his Friendship, mourn with you, the irretrievable Misfortune to us as well as to you. But as there is no recalling it, and as it is God's doing, we must not repine at the Dispensation, but acquiesce in it. And yet to say, that neither you nor we ought to grieve for it, would be absurd and unnatural. Sinful Grief, however, we are commanded to shun: And we ought to bless God, that he was graciously pleased to continue him with us so long instead of mourning too heavily, that we had not longer the Pleasure of his agreeable Conversation. We were not born together, and some of us must have gone first; and I have sometimes been ready to think, (besides the Life of Glory, that, thro’ God's Mercies, awaits the Good) that he is far happier, than those he leaves behind him, in this Point, That he is saved from the Regret (which fills the wounded Hearts of his surviving Friends) of seeing them go before him, as they have seen him go before them. Had he not dy’d now, a few Years would have determin’d his useful Life; for the longest Life is but a Span; and then the Matter, had he gone before us, would have been as it is now.
We may make our own Lives miserable in bewailing his Loss; but we cannot do him good, nor (were he to know it) Pleasure. You, in particular, Madam, who are now called upon to be both Father and Mother to the dear Pledges of your mutual Affection, ought to take double Care, how you suffer immoderate Grief to incapacitate you from this new, and more arduous and necessary Task. For by this means, you would not only do yourself Hurt, but double the Loss which his dear Children have already sustain’d in that of their Father. And would you, Madam, make them motherless as well as fatherless?—God forbid! Consider, tho’ this is a heavy Case, yet it is a common Case. And we must not repine, that God Almighty thought him ripe for Heaven, and put an End to his probatory State.
Letter CVIII
- Samuel Richardson
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- 01 December 2011, pp 439-440
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The poor Man's thankful Letter in Return.
God bless his Honour, and God bless you, Mr. Taverner, that's all I can say. We will now set our Hands to the Plough, as the Saying is, with chearful Hearts, and try what can be done. I am sure, I, and my Wife and Children too, tho’ three of them can but lisp their Prayers, shall Morning, Noon and Night, pray to God for his Honour's Health and Prosperity, as well as for you and yours; and to enable me to be just to his Expectations. I’m sure it would be the Pride of my Heart to pay every body, his Honour especially. I have not run behind-hand for want of Industry; that all my Neighbours know; but Losses and Sickness I could not help; and nobody could live more frugal and sparing than both my Wife and I. Indeed we have hardly allowed ourselves Cloaths to our Backs, nor for our Children neither, tight, and clean, and wholsome as they may appear to those who see them: And we will continue to live so low as may only keep us in Heart to do our Labour, until we are got before-hand; which God grant. But all this, I told you before, Mr. Taverner; and so will say no more, but I will do all I can, and God give a Blessing to my Labours, as I mean honestly. So no more, but that I am, Sir,
Your ever-obliged Servant.
Letter XIX
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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- 01 December 2011, pp 355-355
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From the Cousin to the Father and Mother, in Commendation of the young Gentleman.
Dear Cousins, Northampton, Apr. 12.
I give you both Thanks for so long continuing with us the Pleasure of Cousin Polly's Company. She has intirely captivated a worthy Friend of mine, Mr. Derham, a Linen-draper of this Town. And I would have acquainted you with it myself, but that I knew and advised Cousin Polly to write to you about it; for I would not for the world any thing of this sort should be carried on unknown to you, at my House, especially. Mr. Derham has shewn me his Letter to you; and I believe every Title of it to be true; and really, if you and my Cousin approve it, as also Cousin Polly, I don't know where she can do better. I am sure I should think so, if I had a Daughter he could love.
Thus much I thought myself obliged to say; and with my kind Love to your other Self, and all my Cousins, as also my Wife’s, and Sister’s, I remain
Your affectionate Cousin.
Letter LXV
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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- 01 December 2011, pp 397-399
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Against too great a Love of Singing and Musick.
Dear Cousin,
I am sure you have the good Sense to take kindly what I am going to mention to you, in which I can have no possible View but your Benefit. When you were last with me at Hertford, you much obliged us all, with the Instances you gave us of your Skill in Musick, and your good Voice. But as you are so young a Man, and seem to be so very much pleased yourself with these Acquirements, I must enter a Caution or two on this Score, because of the Consequences that may follow from too much Delight in these Amusements, which, while they are pursued as Amusements only, may be safe and innocent; but when they take up too much of a Man's Time, may be not a little pernicious.
In the first place, my dear Cousin, these Pleasures of Sound, may take you off from themore desirable ones of Sense, and make your Delights stop at the Ear, which should go deeper, and be placed in the Understanding. For whenever a chearful Singer is in Company, adieu to all Conversation of an improving or intellectual Nature.
In the second place, it may expose you to Company, and that not the best and most eligible neither; and by which your Business and your other more useful Studies, may be greatly if not wholly neglected, and very possibly your Health itself much impaired.
In the third place, it may tend, for so it naturally does, to enervate the Mind, and make you haunt musical Societies, Operas and Concerts;and what Glory is it to a Gentleman if he were even a fine Performer, that he can strike a String, touch a Key, or sing a Song with the Grace and Command of a hired Musician?
Fourthly, Musick, to arrive at any tolerable Proficiency in it, takes up much Time, and requires so much Application, as leaves but little Room, and, what is worse, when delighted in, little Inclination for other Improvements: And as Life is a short Stage, where longest, surely the most precious Moments of it, ought to be better imploy’d, than in so light and airy an Amusement.
Letter CXXI
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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- 01 December 2011, pp 447-447
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Summary
To a Friend, on a Breach of Promise in not returning Money lent in his Exigence.
SIR,
When you apply’d to me, in your Streights, for Assistance, and made such strong Promises of returning in Four Months what I advanced; little did I think, you would give me the irksome Occasion, either of reminding you of your Promise, or of acquainting you with the Streights in which my Friendship for you has involv’d myself. I have always endeavour’d to manage my Affairs with so much Prudence, as to keep within myself the Power of answering Demands uponme, without troubling my Friends; and I told you, I must expect you would keep your Word exactly to the Four Months, or else I should be distress’d, as bad as you were when you apply’d to me. Six Months passed, and you took no manner of Notice of the Matter, when I was forced to remind you of it, having been put to it, as I told you I should. You took a Fortnight longer, under still stronger Promises of Performance. And Three Weeks are now expired, and your second Promises are still as much to be performed as your first. Is this kind, is this friendly, is it grateful, Sir, let me ask you? And ought I to be made to suffer in my Credit, who was so ready to save yours?—When, too, mine had been in no Danger, had I not put out of my own Power what actually was then in it? I will only say, That if any Consideration remains with you for one so truly your Friend, let me immediately be paid, and take from me the cruel Necessity of reproaching you for Ingratitude, and myself for Folly:Who am, Sir,
Your unkindly used, &c.
The Young Man’s Pocket Companion: Part II
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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- 01 December 2011, pp 26-42
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Summary
Containing general Rules and Directions for a young Man's Behaviour in his Apprenticeship. Familiarly address’d to the Youth himself.
I. There is in most young Sparks just come from School to go Appren- tice, a kind of unpolish’d Roughness of Behaviour, a giddy and precipitate Rudeness, that their School-Masters make too little their Concern to file off; for good Manners often, too often, seem to be banish’d the Care of Schools, and are a very little Part of the Attention of some otherwise good Tutors. But you are to remember, that you are now taken from the Company of giddy Boys, to that of serious Men; that you are transplanted from Play to Business; that you are now enter’d on a Scene of Life, that is to be the Foundation of your future Welfare; and that all your Life to come will be influenc’d, in all Probability, by your Behaviour in this your first State of Probation. You are therefore to conclude the Boy, and begin the Man; and act up to the new Character which you have begun to assume; to shake off any little idle Habits you may have contracted, to begin to put in Practice those good Lessons, which you have been taught for this very Purpose, and with a particular View to this Stage of Life; to endeavour to confirm and strengthen your good Habits; and to improve that Learning and those sound Morals, which your Friends, with so much Care and Expence, have inculcated, or paid for inculcating, into your Mind; and to add to all, that Application and Diligence so indispensably necessary to the Performance of the important Engagement you have enter’d into: An Engagement which you are more interested to perform well, than even your Master is; for he can be only benefitted for a Time by your good Service; whereas you will reap the Benefit of it to the End of your Life, and, in all Probability, to the End of Time, and for ever: for ‘tis a very great Chance, if the same Motives which influence you to do your Duty in one Part of Life, will not have due Weight with you in all the rest; since to do your Duty to Man is a fair Step in the Way of doing what is required of you by God Almighty: For there are very few that are either good or bad by Halves.
Letter V
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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- 01 December 2011, pp 341-341
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Summary
An Apprentice to an Uncle, about a Fraud committed by his Fellow-Apprentice to their Master.
Dear Uncle,
I am under greater Uneasiness than I am able to express: My Fellow- ‘prentice, for whom I had a great Regard, and from whom I have received many Civilities, has involved me in the deepest Affliction. I am unwilling to tell you, and yet I must not conceal it, that he has forfeited the Confidence reposed in him by a Breach of Trust, to which he ungenerously gain’d my Consent, by a Pretence I did not in the least suspect. What must I do? My Master is defrauded: If I discover the Injury, I am sure to ruin a young Man I wou’d fain think possessed of some Merit; if I conceal the Injustice, I must at present share the Guilt, and hereafter be Partaker in the Punishment. I am in the greatest Agony of Mind, and beg your instant Advice, as you value the Peace of
Your dutiful, tho’ unfortunate Nephew.
Letter CXXIV
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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To one who, upon a very short Acquaintance, and without any visible Merit but Assurance, wants to borrow a Sum of Money.
SIR,
You did me the Favour of inquiring for me two or three times while I was out of Town. And among my Letters I find one from you, desiring the Loan of 50 Guineas. You must certainly have mistaken yourself or me very much, to think we were enough known to each other for such a Transaction. I was twice in your Company; I was delighted with your Conversation: You seemed as much pleased with mine: And if we both acted with Honour, the Obligation is mutual, and there can be no room to suppose me your Debtor. I have no churlish nor avaritious Heart, I will venture to say; but theremust be Bounds to every thing; and Discretion is as necessary in conferring as in receiving a Kindness. To a Friend, my helping Hand ought to be lent, when his Necessities require it: You cannot think our Intimacy enough to commence that Relation; and should I answer the Demands of every new Acquaintance, I should soon want Power to oblige my old Friends, and even to serve myself. Surely, Sir, a Gentleman of your Merit cannot be so little beloved, as to be forced to seek to a new Acquaintance, and to have no better Friend than one of Yesterday. I will not do you the Injury to suppose, that you have not many, who have the best Reasons from long Knowledge, to oblige you: And, by your Application to me, I cannot think Bashfulness should stand in your way to them. Be this as it may, it does not at all suit my Conveniency to comply with your Request; and so I must beg you to excuse
Yours, &c.
Letter CXXX
- Samuel Richardson
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To a Father, on his Neglect of his Childrens Education.
Dear Sir,
I am under a Concern to see such a Remissness as every body takes notice of, in the Education of your Children. They are brought up, ‘tis true, to little Offices in your Business, which keep them active, and may make them in some degree of present, tho’ poor Use to you; but, I am sorry to say, of none to themselves, with regard to their future Prospects, which is what a worthy Parent always has in View.
There is a proper Time for every thing; and if Children are not early initiated into their Duty, and those Parts of Learning which are proper to their particular Years, they must necessarily be discouraged, and set behind every one of their Schoolfellows, tho’ much younger than themselves; and you know not, Sir, what a laudable Emulation you by this means destroy, than which nothing is of greater Force to Children, to induce them to attend to their Book; nor what a Disgrace you involve them in with respect to Children among Children, for the Biggest and Eldest to be so much out-done by the Least and Youngest.
Nor is the Consequence of this Defect confin’d to the School-age, as I may call it; for as they grow up, they will be look’d upon in an equally discouraging and disadvantageous Light, by all who converse with them: Which must of course throw them into the Company of the Dregs of Mankind; for how will they be able to converse or correspond with those whose Acquaintance it is most worth their while to cultivate? And indeed they will probably be so conscious of their Unfitness to bear a Part in worthy Conversation, that, to keep themselves in Countenance, they will, of their own Accord, shun the better Company, and associate with the worst: And what may be the Consequence of this, a wise Man, and a good Father, would tremble to think of, especially when he has to reflect upon himself as the Cause of it, let it be what it will.
A Collection of Entertaining Histories and Novels, Designed
- Samuel Richardson
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Letter LXIII
- Samuel Richardson
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To a Daughter in a Country Town, who encourages the Address of a Subaltern [A Case too frequent in Country Places].
Dear Betsy,
I have been under the deepest Affliction ever since I heard of your encouraging the Addresses of a Soldier, whether Serjeant or Corporal, I know not; who happens to quarter next Door to your Uncle.
What, my dear Child, can you propose by such a Match? Is his Pay sufficient to maintain himself? If it be, will it be sufficient for the Support of a Family?
Consider, there will be no Opportunity for you to increase his poor Income, but by such Means as will be very grating for you to submit to! Will your Hands be capable of enduring the Fatigues of a Wash-tub, for your Maintenance? Or, will following a Camp suit your Inclinations? Think well of the certain Misery that must attend your making such a Choice.
Look round at the Wives of all his Fellow-soldiers, and mark their Appearance at their Homes, and in Publick. Is their abject Condition to be coveted? Do you see any thing desirable in Poverty and Rags? And, as to the Man for whom you must endure all this, he may possibly indeed be possessed of Honesty, and a Desire to do his best for you, at least you may think so; but is it probable he will? For if he be wise and industrious, how came he to prefer a Life so mean and contemptible? If he was bred to any Trade, why did he desert it?
Be cautious of rushing yourself into Ruin, and as I am not able to maintain you and a young Family, do not throw yourself upon the uncertain Charity of well-disposed People; who are already vastly encumbered by the Miserable. I hope you will not thus rashly increase the unhappy Number of such; but will give due Attention to what I have said; for I can have no View, but that of discharging the Duty of
Your loving Father.
Letter LIV
- Samuel Richardson
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From a Mother to her Daughter, jealous of her Husband.
Dear Bet,
I am sorry to find you are grown jealous of your Husband. ‘Tis a most uneasy Passion, and will be fatal, not only to your present Quiet, but to your future Happiness, and probably to that of your Family, if you indulge it.
You either have, or have not Cause for it. If you have Cause, look into yourself and your own Conduct, to see if you have not by any Change of Temper, or Disagreeableness of Behaviour, alienated your Husband's Affections; and if so, set about amending both, in order to recover them: for once he loved you, and you was satisfy’d he did, above all your Sex, or you would not have had him. If it be owing to his inconstant Temper, that is indeed unhappy; but then, so long as you are clear of Blame, you have nothing to reproach yourself with: And as the Creatures wicked Men follow, omit nothing to oblige them, you must try to avoid such uneasy and disturbing Resentments, as will make youmore and more distasteful to him. Shew him, that no guilty Wretch's pretended Love can be equal to your real one: Shew him, that such Creatures shall not out-do you in an obliging Behaviour, and Sweetness of Temper; and that, let him fly off from his Duty, if he will, you will persevere in yours. This Conduct will, if not immediately, in time, flash Conviction in his Face: He will see what a Goodness he injures, and will be softened by your Softness. But if you make his Home uneasy to him, he will fly both that and you: And to whom will he fly, but, most probably, to one who will allow his Pleas, and aggravate every thing against you; who will side with him, inflame his Passions, and thereby secure him to herself? And would you contribute to such a Wretch's Power over him, and furnish Opportunities for her to triumph over you? For while you exasperate his Passions, and harden his Mind against you, she will, by wicked Blandishments, shew him how obliging she can be, and so a Course of Life, that he would follow privately, and by stealth, as it were, he will more openly pursue;
Letter LXVI
- Samuel Richardson
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From a Daughter to her Father, pleading for her Sister, who had married without his Consent.
Honoured Sir,
The kind Indulgence you have always shewn to your Children, makes me presume to become an Advocate for my Sister, tho’ not for her Fault. She is very sensible of that, and sorry she has offended you; but has great hopes, that Mr. Robinson will prove such a careful and loving Husband to her, as may atone for his past Wildness, and engage your Forgiveness. For all your Children are sensible of your paternal Kindness, and that you wish their Good more for their sakes, than your own.
This makes it the more wicked to offend so good a Father: But, dear Sir, be pleased to consider, that it now cannot be helped, and that she may be made by your Displeasure very miserable in her own Choice; and as his Faults are owing to the Inconsideration of Youth, or otherwise it would not have been a very discreditable Match, had it had your Approbation; I could humbly hope, for my poor Sister's sake, that you will be pleased rather to encourage his present good Resolutions, by your kind Favour, than make him despair of a Reconciliation, and so perhaps treat her with a Negligence, which hitherto she is not apprehensive of. For he is really very fond of her, and I hope will continue so. Yet is she dejected for her Fault to you, and wishes, yet dreads, to have your Leave to throw herself at your Feet, to beg your Forgiveness and Blessing, which would make the poor dear Offender quite happy.
Pardon, Sir, my interposing in her Favour, in which my Husband also joins. She is my Sister. She is your Daughter; tho’ she has not done so worthily as I wish, to become that Character. Be pleased, Sir, to forgive her, however; and also forgive me, pleading for her.Who am,
Your ever-dutiful Daughter.
Letter CXXXVIII
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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A Father to a Daughter in Service, on hearing of her Master's attempting her Virtue.
My dear Daughter,
I Understand with great Grief of Heart, that your Master has made some Attempts on your Virtue, and yet that you stay with him. God grant that you have not already yielded to his base Desires! For when once a Person has so far forgotten what belongs to himself, or his Character, as to make such an Attempt, the very Continuance with him, and in his Power, and under the same Roof, is an Encouragement to him to prosecute his Designs. And if he carries it better, and more civil, at present, it is only the more certainly to undo you when he attacks you next. Consider, my dear Child, your Reputation is all you have to trust to. And if you have not already, which God forbid! yielded to him, leave it not to the Hazard of another Temptation; but come away directly (as you ought to have done on your own Motion) at the Command of
Your grieved and indulgent Father.
General Introduction
- Samuel Richardson
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Critical editions of productive authors from periods profuse in print – and Samuel Richardson and the eighteenth century qualify – include, by tradition, at least one volume of early or miscellaneous works, comprising a textual record of the author's first or least orderly steps along the road to canonisation. The examples are familiar to students of the period. The Wesleyan Edition of the Works of Henry Fielding constitutes a varied textual biography, stretching back some fourteen years before the publication of Fielding's first novel and indeed to within nine months or so of the aspiring poet and playwright's arrival in London at the age of twenty. Tobias Smollett wrote one play as a teenager and a few poems midway through his twenties, all precedent to the appearance of Roderick Random in 1748. These are represented in the pertinent volume of the University of Georgia Press's Works of Tobias Smollett, alongside Smollett's more mature but not better-known efforts in both genres and his periodical essays from the 1760s. Daniel Defoe was less quick to publish, but roughly thirty-one logorrhoeic years elapsed between the appearance of his first pamphlet and the earliest of the novels on which his fame rests. The most recent edition of his works includes a staggering fourteen volumes of material published prior to Robinson Crusoe (1719).
Richardson lends himself awkwardly to this formulation. Like only Laurence Sterne among the period's major novelists, he was not young when his first known publication appeared. His pre-novelistic output is small and compressed in time. After the success of Pamela (1740), he wrote novels almost exclusively, and only two at that, with all due respect to the legendary heft of Clarissa (1747–8) and Sir Charles Grandison (1753–4). Furthermore, ‘his’ earlier publications are not always his at all but represent a tangle of borrowings, some acknowledged, some not.
The busiest and most determined explicator of Richardson's variegated oeuvre is John A. Dussinger, who has proposed a hybrid textual genealogy that bedevils questions of attribution and even authorship. Dussinger's work converts the second ‘of ‘ in the current series title – The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Samuel Richardson – into an improbably complex word.
Letter CXXXIII
- Samuel Richardson
- Edited by Alexander Pettit, University of North Texas
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From a Lady to a Gentleman, who had obtained all her Friends Consent, urging him to decline his Suit to her.
SIR,
You have often importuned me to return Marks of that Consideration for you, which you profess for me. As my Parents, to whom I owe all Duty, encourage your Address, I wish I could. I am hardly treated by them, because I cannot. What shall I do? Let me apply to you, Sir, for my Relief, who have much good Sense, and, I hope, Generosity. Yes, Sir, let me bespeak your Humanity to me, and Justice to yourself, in this Point; and that shall be all I will ask in my Favour. I own you deserve a much better Wife than I shall ever make; but yet, as Love is not in one's own Power, if I have the Misfortune to know I cannot love you, will not Justice to yourself, if not Pity to me, oblige you to abandon your present Purpose?
But as to myself, Sir, Why should you make a poor Creature unhappy in the Displeasure of all her Friends at present, and still more unhappy, if, to avoid that, she gives up her Person, where she cannot bestow her Heart? If you love me, as you profess, let me ask you, Sir, Is it for my sake, or is it for your own?——If for mine, how can it be, when I must be miserable, if I am forced to marry where I cannot love?——If for your own, reflect, Sir, on the Selfishness of your Love, and judge if it deserves from me the Return you wish.
How sadly does this Love already operate! You love me so well, that you make me miserable in the Anger of my dearest Friends!——Your Love has already made them think me undutiful, and instead of the Fondness and Endearment I used to be treated with by them, I meet with nothing but Chidings, Frowns, Slights, and Displeasure.
And what is this Love of yours to do for me hereafter?—Why hereafter, Sir, it will be turned to Hatred, or Indifference at least: For then, tho’ I cannot give you my Heart, I shall have given you a Title to it, and you will have a lawful Claim to its Allegiance.