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Brazil The Family Among the Cohabitation Modalities of the Law and the Distinction between Being, Thinking, Acting and Feeling as a Family
- Edited by Robin Fretwell Wilson, University of Illinois, June Carbone, University of Minnesota
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2023
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 03 April 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 October 2023, pp 201-224
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Summary
Résumé
Le présent article expose les perceptions sociologiques, philosophiques, anthropologiques et juridico-constitutionnelles brésiliennes de la famille, afin de permettre la compréhension des observations structurelles qui favorisent l’identification d’une entité comme pouvant être considérée comme une famille par le droit. Il est entendu que l’extension du concept juridique de famille, sans critères objectifs et sans limites, conduit, à proprement parler, à la perte de la compréhension de ses caractéristiques, de ce qui la différencient d’autres groupes et associations de nature « cohabitationnelle ». Ces dernieres doivent recevoir un traitement juridique différent, quoique comparable à celui de la famille.
INTRODUCTION
The present chapter aims to share sociological, philosophical, anthropological and Brazilian juridical-constitutional views about the family that can help in the reflection on objective observations that enable the legal recognition of an entity such as a family (in relation to being), in the face of the view that the presence of subjective elements such as the imagined family (in relation to thinking), the functional family (in relation to action), or the perceived family (in relation to feeling) are sufficient. It is understood that the extension of the legal concept of family without the consideration of structural or objective considerations, from a social and philosophical perspective, would lead, strictly speaking, to the emptying of the concept itself, covering up attributes that would differentiate it objectively, sociologically and philosophically, from groupings and associations of a similar nature that would justify different legal treatment.
A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE FAMILY
This chapter will maintain that the sociological view of the family provides a foundation for rethinking the legal definitions of what constitutes and what does not constitute a family. Critical to this foundation is a view of society grounded in ‘relational realities’ that prepare individuals, from birth forward, to function within a web of relationships that connect individuals to each other. This relational concept draws heavily on the work of Pierpaolo Donati, specifically The family as the root of society. Donati, a sociologist and professor at the University of Bologna, published this work in Spanish in 2013. 1 The book presents the family as a ‘relational reality’ that serves as the basis and root for all other social relations, because, in the family, the individual is primarily prepared for sociability.
Brazil The Regulation of Homeschooling in Brazil
- Edited by Margaret Brinig
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2021
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 22 February 2022
- Print publication:
- 28 September 2021, pp 87-102
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Summary
Résumé
Ce chapitre présente la réglementation de l’enseignement à domicile au Brésil. Le système éducatif national est guidé par le modèle éducatif institutionnel. Loin de nier l’éducation institutionnelle, l’enseignement à domicile émerge comme une catégorie éducative alternative, qui implique la participation directe de la famille, en particulier des parents, dans l’instruction des enfants de moins de dix-huit ans. Au Brésil, en 2018, la Cour suprême fédérale, la Cour constitutionnelle du pays, a décidé que l’enseignement à domicile est conforme à la Constitution. Cependant, les ministres (juges) ont déclaré qu’il était nécessaire de le réglementer l’enseignement à domicile par une loi infra- constitutionnelle. Il existe des propositions législatives au niveau fédéral et dans certains organes législatifs des États et des municipalités, des projets de loi tendant à réglementer l’enseignement à domicile ont été adoptés. Deux municipalités ont également approuvé de telles lois. Dans ce contexte, ce chapitre vise à vérifier les normes existantes et celles qui sont encore en cours de développement et à réfléchir sur l’instruction des enfants et des adolescents au Brésil. Pour mener à bien cette étude, une recherche bibliographique impliquant l’analyse des ouvrages, articles et publications sur le thème a été effectuée, ainsi qu’une recherche descriptive et exploratoire visant à enquêter sur la situation de l’enseignement à domicile au Brésil. Finalement, on peut conclure que l’existence de lois qui encadrent l’instruction à domicile permet une plus grande sécurité juridique pour les familles. Par ailleurs, il est nécessaire d’analyser les limites de l’intervention de l’Êtat afin de ne pas réduire l’autonomie des parents dans leurs choix éducatifs.
INTRODUCTION
Education is a term with several meanings. It can be understood as a process or activity, as a public or private service, as the result of learning, or as a right. In Latin etymology, it means ‘to drive from outside’ - exducere. It refers, therefore, in its essential meaning, to a training process that has the educator as an agent and the student as a beneficiary.
Education is considered by the Brazilian legal system to be a fundamental right. If the idea of education is characterised as a right, it must also the duty of someone to provide it. Thus, there are subjects who are entitled to education, and there are those who owe a duty to educate.
Brazil: Intuitu Personae Adoption in the Brazilian Legal System
- Edited by Margaret Brinig
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2020
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 09 February 2021
- Print publication:
- 23 September 2020, pp 23-34
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Summary
Résumé
Dans le présent article, la faisabilité juridique de l’adoption dite intuite personae ou dirigée est examinée, en tenant compte du cadre législatif actuel brésilien ainsi que des arguments favorables et défavorables. La position adoptée en fin d’article vise à encourager les échanges à ce sujet. La discussion s’appuie sur l’analyse d’éléments fondamentaux, tels que la définition de l’adoption elle-même, ses fondements normatifs et la solidarité ainsi que sur d’autres principes intrinsèques au thème, notamment celui dont la primauté est absolue : l’intégrité familiale et l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant ou de l’adolescent. La recherche est éminemment bibliographique et se termine par une proposition de changement législatif.
INTRODUCTION
One of the purposes of the law is to protect people in society, and the family – the paramount human social organisation – has long been acknowledged as an essential element for any legal system, deserving special protection from public authorities, as is manifested by the rule of law.
In recognition of this, the 1988 Constitution of Brazil gave special protection to the family under its Article 226. It also expanded the ‘special protection’ situations, by recognising as a family entity the community formed by any of the parents and their descendants, and that resulting from a stable union, under the terms of Article 226, §§3 and 4. The denomination of ‘family’ when resulting from marriage, and ‘family entity’ for other forms, along with the constitutional provision that the law should facilitate the conversion of the stable union into marriage, has generated much debate about the possible recognition of one type of family organisation as more appropriate for society and individuals.
However, other types of relationship exist too. Convivial relationships different from those mentioned in the Constitution demand some kind of state recognition and, consequently, legal protection, even though there is no consensus about how such relationships should be treated, in terms of what is best for society as a whole.
In response to this, an attempt was made to expand the legal categories of family and family entity, aiming to accommodate, under different established institutions, the different situations that demanded legal recognition.
Brazil: The Social Food Bank and the State's Duty to the Child in the Face of the Non-Fulfillment of Child Support Executions
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- By Antonio Jorge Pereira Júnior, Professor of the Law Postgraduate Program, University of Fortaleza, Brazil, Kelly Coelho Silva, Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, Centro Universitário INTA – UNINTA, Brazil
- Edited by Margaret Brinig
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2019
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 09 November 2019
- Print publication:
- 16 September 2019, pp 35-46
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
In the Brazilian Federal Constitution, the duty of the family, society and the state with regard to children, adolescents and young people has been enshrined in Article 227. This ensures, with absolute priority, the right to life, health, food and education, among others. This is one of the foundations that underlines the entitlement to food. On the other hand, it is the duty of the eldest children to assist their elderly parents, according to Article 229 of the fundamental law. With respect to alimentary obligations, the Civil Code of 2002 extends this beyond the parents, also affecting relatives, spouses and companions. This provision is not, however, the object of this chapter.
Once a debt is legally established, the debtor of child support cannot fail to fulfil this obligation under penalty of seizure of his assets, according to Article 528, § 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure (hereinafter CCP). He or she may also suffer civil arrest, according to Article 5, LXVII, following the procedure contained in Article 528 of the CCP.
Formally speaking, the child support debtor can be, at the same time, an active subject of the crime of material abandonment. This could occur continuously, if the lack of provision of the subsistence of food is unjustified. It would not be strictly necessary for the once-defaulting debtor to fail again with the duty to provide maintenance.
Civil imprisonment is therefore recognised as a form of coercion of the debtor, so as to encourage him or her to pay the owed support. Even if the food provider does not pay, he will be released when the set deadline expires. This also raises questions about its efficiency, bearing in mind that food is still not available for sustenance, even after exhausting the measures used to enforce the action.
The arrest of the active subject of the crime of material abandonment, as will be seen in the following lines, is punitive when the debtor also fits the crime described in Article 244 of the Criminal Code (hereinafter CC). In such cases, the debtor/defendant must then be arrested, not to pay his debt, but to fulfil the sentence given for the crime of material abandonment. In the definition of the crime, the Criminal Code extends the possibilities of who the off ender may be.
Brazil The Necessary Subordination of the Interests and Commitment of Adults in the Construction of a Preventive Public Policy to Reduce the Sexual Vulnerability of Children in Brazil
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- By Antonio Jorge Pereira Júnior, Professor of the Law Postgraduate Program, University of Fortaleza, Brazil
- Edited by Margaret Brinig
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2018
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 31 January 2019
- Print publication:
- 28 September 2018, pp 119-136
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The rights of children and adolescents are not guaranteed or respected as planned and prescribed in the legal system of Brazil. In particular, prevention policies fail. Among these, in places frequented by both children and adults, nothing ensures a friendly environment for youth development. Both children and adults in Brazil, as elsewhere, share almost the same public space and have access to the same content on the internet. This communal atmosphere should be considered in light of the best interests of the child.
Allowing a child to be brought up in a permissive and consumerist environment, which may doubtless be less offensive to adults, is to encourage them to become comfortable with related values. Growing up in such an environment, he or she may easily become familiar with ‘adult behaviour’, especially as it refers to sexual activity. The child tends to adhere to adult behaviour, because he or she uses it as a model and learns from it by sensory stimulation and imitation. Behaviour, publicity and situations with undercurrents of sexuality make it easier for the child to become comfortable with sensuality, facilitating sexual exploitation, since it does not seem so foreign. That would go against public policies of protection vis-a-vis TV programming and forbidding access to places inappropriate to the child's development. Precedence must be given to the best interests of the child, along with absolute attention and priority and effective complete protection through involvement of civil society and the state in order to prepare the joint environment to protect future interests. This requires adult content restrictions in the living environment of children and adolescents.
For better structuring this perspective of prevention, this chapter will defend the legal development of the concept of ‘goods of formation’ or ‘formative goods’, without which full protection derails into innocuous black letter law. Such goods should have priority over others in the social environment, when different interests co-exist in competing for what is best for the child. Formative goods are guaranteed if the environment where children dwell stays safe from the moral perspective appropriate for them.