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Three-Dimensional Documentation of Hadrian’s Temple in Ephesus (Turkey) Using Different Scanning Technologies and Combining these Data into a Final 3D Model
- Edited by Mingquan Zhou
- Iza Romanowska, Zhongke Wu, Pengfei Xu, Philip Verhagen
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- Book:
- Revive the Past
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 23 June 2021
- Print publication:
- 17 August 2012, pp 38-47
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Summary
Abstract:
The so-called Hadrian's Temple is one of the most famous monuments in the ancient city of Ephesus (Turkey) and occupies a prominent location in the western section of Curetes Street, one of the chief thoroughfares of the site. This paper explains the on-site conditions for creating an up-to-date architectural documentation including three-dimensional digital scan data of the temple and also discusses the different 3D surface scanning systems which were employed for this task: fringe projection and time of flight laser scanning based on phase shifting. With respect to the required resolution and the scale of the documentation both methods are ideally suited to digitally record certain areas of the Temple. Furthermore, this paper puts a focus on how both types of 3D scan data can be combined in a final 3D model within specific postprocessing steps. The scanning results as well as the virtual reconstruction of Hadrian's Temple will be presented in this paper.
Key Words: Archaeological Documentation, Hadrian's Temple in Ephesus, 3D Scanning, Virtual Reconstruction
Introduction
A project currently conducted at the Austrian Archaeological Institute and funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Project P20947-G02) includes the so-called Hadrian's Temple (Fig. 1) - located in the western section of Curetes Street. Its building type is essentially a variation of the tetrastyle prostylos temple layout, with an oblong pronoaos or front hall and a larger main room. The street facade is formed by two pillars anchoring the axis of the antae and two regular columns between them. The small Temple which was re-erected in 1957/58 is one of the most famous monuments in Ephesus (Turkey). Since its discovery more than 50 years have passed but a systematic study and publication of the arrangement of building remains are not available yet.
Although the original interpretation - a Temple of Emperor Hadrian - is now widely rejected, questions about chronological function and details of reconstruction are widely and often controversially discussed by researchers, and remain unresolved. In the framework of the project currently conducted at the Austrian Archaeological Institute, a detailed study of the construction history as well as archaeological research is being carried out for the first time.
Large Scale Angkor Style Reliefs: High Definition 3D Acquisition and Improved Visualization Using Local Feature Estimation
- Edited by Mingquan Zhou
- Iza Romanowska, Zhongke Wu, Pengfei Xu, Philip Verhagen
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- Book:
- Revive the Past
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 23 June 2021
- Print publication:
- 17 August 2012, pp 70-80
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- Chapter
- Export citation
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Summary
Abstract:
It is the desire of stone conservators to preserve bas-reliefs endangered by acid rain, vandalism and structural instabilities. Documenting these bas-reliefs digitally will help minimizing the dangers of working on fragile structures while handling and analysing such large data sets is a new challenge for scientific computing in cultural heritage. From our experience in related research we developed a rapid workflow for 3D acquisition and visualization. It uses a close-range 3D scanner based on structured light and stereo vision. This paper shows the work done during our field trip in Banteay Chhmar, Cambodia where the temple complex is strongly endangered and large parts are already collapsed. The outcome of this digital documentation is a large collection of high-resolution 3D models each featuring a spatial resolution of 50-100μm. To extract more information about iconographic details we developed a new method of visualization using Multi Scale Integral Invariant surface filtering.
Key Words: Archaeological Documentation, Close Range 3D Scanning, Pattern Recognition, Cambodia
Introduction
The temple complex of Banteay Chhmar is one of the largest known Khmer temples as well as one of the largest temples known to man. It occupies an area of about nine square kilometres (Groslier 1937) and is located in the North-West of Cambodia close to the border with Thailand. King Jayavarman VII (AD 1181 - 1219) commissioned it at the end of the civil war to honour his son and four of his army generals who lost their lives while defending the Khmer empire against the Champa kingdom (Chandler 2008). The site features one main temple as well as eight satellite temples.
Climate, vegetation, acid rain as well as structural instabilities and severe looting has caused very serious destruction to the temple complex. Only about 20% of the main structures are still intact and most of these walls remain to be stabilized. The necessity to preserve the valuable carvings and structures was the motivation for our 3D acquisition campaign in Cambodia which took four months. In this paper, we present two parts of this larger project in more detail.
The map in figure 1a shows the location of the Banteay Chhmar temple and figure 1b documents its current state of deterioration.