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Frontmatter
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- 01 June 2015, pp i-iv
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5 - Receiving Gravitational Waves
- from Part Two - New Window on the Universe: Gravitational Waves
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- By Beverly K. Berger, International Society on Relativity and Gravitation, Karsten Danzmann, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Gabriela Gonzalez, Louisiana State University, Andrea Lommen, Franklin & Marshall College, Guido Mueller, University of Florida, Albrecht Rüdiger, Albert Einstein Institute, William Joseph Weber, University of Trento
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- 01 June 2015, pp 242-286
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Summary
Introduction
Gravitational waves are a consequence of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, first presented in 1915 and published in 1916 [1]. Einstein himself linearized his theory and derived wave equations and calculated the gravitational radiation produced by sources in the weak-field, slow-motion limit [2]. As described in the following Chapter, this initial insight has been greatly expanded so that, in general, it is possible to calculate either numerically or analytically the details of the gravitational radiation for a broad range of potential astronomical sources. Much later, in the 1970s, the discovery of the binary neutron star system PSR1913+16 by Hulse and Taylor [3] demonstrated through this natural experiment that gravitational waves carry away energy and angular momentum, causing the neutron star orbit to decay at precisely the predicted rate. Early cosmological gravitational waves imprint a polarization signature in the electromagnetic microwave background that several sensitive instruments may detect. See [4] but also [5] and references therein for further discussion.
These brief remarks gloss over a more complex history where it was unclear whether gravitational waves were real or just gauge artifacts. The theory was finally settled on the side of reality [6]. The standard next step in physics – to build a receiver to directly detect gravitational waves – proved to be extremely challenging. The analog of the Hertz experiment where artificially generated waves are detected within the wave zone will fail because of the undetectably small amplitude (see for example [7]). Astrophysical sources are much stronger but are, of course, more distant. Yet their detection may be possible because gravitational wave receivers respond to amplitude and not to intensity. Nonetheless, the numbers are daunting.
In the early 1960s, J. Weber followed through on a bold vision – that gravitational waves were detectable – by measuring the resonant excitation of acoustic modes in heavy metallic bars, as would be caused by a passing gravitational wave from relatively nearby astrophysical sources [8].
Contents
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- 01 June 2015, pp v-xii
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List of contributors
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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List of figures
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- 01 June 2015, pp xix-xxi
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Index
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- 01 June 2015, pp 667-674
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Part One - Einstein's Triumph
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Summary
Introduction
Recent media attention to the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War (WWI) reminds us that it was against this backdrop that Einstein, a Swiss citizen, announced the revolutionary theory of general relativity (GR). The war affected the theory's dissemination. Eddington's report introducing GR to the English-speaking world[1] relied on information from de Sitter in neutral Holland. Inevitably, the theory's adherents were caught up in the conflict, most notably Karl Schwarzschild, who died in 1916 while serving on the Russian front.
In 1915 Einstein was already a decade on from his annus mirabilis of 1905, in which he had announced the theory of special relativity, explained the already well-observed photoelectric effect as due to quantization of light (a vital step towards quantum theory), and explained Brownian motion assuming the reality of atoms, an explanation experimentally confirmed by Perrin in 1908. The second of these three great papers won him the 1921 Nobel prize – and they were not all he published that year! For example, he published the famous E = mc2 equation, which later gave the basis of nuclear fusion and fission (whence Einstein's intervention in the development of atom bombs). Fusion in particular explained how stars could hold themselves up against gravity as long as they do. So Einstein had already triumphed well before 1915.
However, he was aware that his work left an awkwardly unresolved question – the need for a theory of gravity compatible with special relativity that agreed with Newton's theory in an appropriate limit. Here we will not recount Einstein's intellectual development of general relativity, which resolved that problem, nor describe the interactions with friends and colleagues which helped him find the right formulation. Those are covered by some good histories of science, and biographies of Einstein, as well as his own writings.
Part Four - Beyond Einstein
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- 01 June 2015, pp 499-512
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Summary
Introduction
The remarkable advances summarized in the first three parts of this volume refer almost entirely to the well-established realm of classical general relativity (GR). However, Einstein [1] was quite aware of the limitations of his theory. In the context of cosmology he wrote, as early as in 1945,
“One may not assume the validity of field equations at very high density of field and matter and one may not conclude that the beginning of the expansion should be a singularity in the mathematical sense.”
By now, we know that classical physics cannot always be trusted even in the astronomical world because quantum phenomena are not limited just to tiny, microscopic systems. For example, neutron stars owe their very existence to a quintessentially quantum effect: the Fermi degeneracy pressure. At the nuclear density of ∼ 1015 g/cm3 encountered in neutron stars, this pressure becomes strong enough to counterbalance the mighty gravitational pull and halt the collapse. The Planck density is some eighty orders of magnitude higher! Astonishing as the reach of GR is, it cannot be stretched into the Planck regime; here one needs a grander theory that unifies the principles underlying both general relativity and quantum physics.
Early developments
Serious attempts at constructing such a theory date back to the 1930s with papers on the quantization of the linearized gravitational field by Rosenfeld [2] and Bronstein [3]. Bronstein's papers are particularly prescient in that he gave a formulation in terms of the electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor and his equations have been periodically rediscovered all the way to 2002 [4]! Analysis of interactions between gravitons began only in the 1960s when Feynman extended his calculational tools from QED to general relativity [5]. Soon after, DeWitt completed this analysis by systematically formulating the Feynman rules for calculating the scattering amplitudes among gravitons and between gravitons and matter quanta.
Part Two - New Window on the Universe: Gravitational Waves
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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- 01 June 2015, pp 233-241
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Summary
Introduction
Gravitational waves provide an opportunity to observe the universe in a completely new way but also give rise to an enormous challenge to take advantage of this opportunity. When Einstein first found wave solutions in linearized general relativity and derived the quadrupole formula, it became clear that a laboratory experiment to produce and detect gravitational waves was impossible, while it was also clear that any gravitational wave signals produced astronomically were too weak to be detected on earth with the instruments available or thought possible at that time. Nearly 100 years later, we are at the confluence of fundamental science and technology that will soon open this new window.
Several lines of development were required to make the search for gravitational waves realistic. Despite the early recognition by Einstein that linearized gravity had wave solutions, the physical reality of gravitational waves remained in dispute for many decades. The reason for this was the absence of formalisms able to separate physical degrees of freedom in the field equations from coordinate (gauge) effects. A well known, striking example was Einstein's conviction that the Einstein–Rosen cylindrical waves [1] were not physical and furthermore that the character of this exact solution proved that there were no physical gravitational waves in the full theory. While Einstein retrieved the correct interpretation in the nick of time [2], the question remained unsettled until correct, gauge-invariant formulations of the problem were developed. The first of these, from Bondi's group [3-5], used the “news function” to demonstrate that, far from the source, one could quantify the energy carried away by gravitational waves. Further developments in understanding equations of motion, gauge freedom, and other methods to identify gravitational waves in the background spacetime led to approximation methods with greater precision and broader application than the original linear waves [6,7]. In addition, the first half-century of general relativity saw the physically relevant exact solutions of Schwarzschild [8] and, much later, Kerr [9].
General Relativity and Gravitation
- A Centennial Perspective
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, Malcolm MacCallum
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Explore spectacular advances in cosmology, relativistic astrophysics, gravitational wave science, mathematics, computational science, and the interface of gravitation and quantum physics with this unique celebration of the centennial of Einstein's discovery of general relativity. Twelve comprehensive and in-depth reviews, written by a team of world-leading international experts, together present an up-to-date overview of key topics at the frontiers of these areas, with particular emphasis on the significant developments of the last three decades. Interconnections with other fields of research are also highlighted, making this an invaluable resource for both new and experienced researchers. Commissioned by the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation, and including accessible introductions to cutting-edge topics, ample references to original research papers, and informative colour figures, this is a definitive reference for researchers and graduate students in cosmology, relativity, and gravitational science.
Part Three - Gravity is Geometry, after all
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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Summary
Introduction
Einstein's general relativity is a mathematically beautiful application of geometric ideas to gravitational physics. Motion is determined by geodesics in spacetime, tidal effects between physical bodies can be read directly from the curvature of that spacetime, and the curvature is closely tied to matter and its motion in spacetime. When proposed in 1915, general relativity was a completely new way to think about physical phenomena, based on the geometry of curved spacetimes that was largely unknown to physicists.
While the geometric nature of Einstein's theory is beautiful and conceptually simple, the fundamental working structure of the theory as a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is much more complex. Einstein's equations are not easily categorized as wave- like or potential-like or heat-like, and they are pervasively nonlinear. Hence, despite the great interest in general relativity, mathematical progress in studying Einstein's equations (beyond the discovery of a small collection of explicit solutions with lots of symmetry) was quite slow for a number of years.
This changed significantly in the 1950s with the appearance of Yvonne Choquet- Bruhat's proof that the Einstein equations can be treated as a well-posed Cauchy problem [1]. The long-term effects of this work have been profound: Mathematically, it has led to the present status of Einstein's equations as one of the most interesting and important systems in PDE theory and in geometrical analysis. Physically, the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Einstein equations has led directly to our present ability to numerically simulate (with remarkable accuracy) solutions of these equations which model a wide range of novel phenomena in the strong-field regime.
The Cauchy formulation of general relativity splits the problem of solving Einstein's equations, and studying the behavior of these solutions, into two equally important tasks: First, one finds an initial data set – a “snapshot” of the gravitational field and its rate of change – which satisfies the Einstein constraint equations, which are essentially four of the ten Einstein field equations.
Preface
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- By Abhay Ashtekar, The Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, International Society on Relativity and Gravitation, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm A. H. MacCallum, Queen Mary University of London
- Edited by Abhay Ashtekar, Pennsylvania State University, Beverly K. Berger, James Isenberg, University of Oregon, Malcolm MacCallum, University of Bristol
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Summary
The discovery of general relativity by Albert Einstein 100 years ago was quickly recognized as a supreme triumph of the human intellect. To paraphrase Hermann Weyl, wider expanses and greater depths were suddenly exposed to the searching eye of knowledge, regions of which there was not even an inkling. For 8 years, Einstein had been consumed by the tension between Newtonian gravity and the spacetime structure of special relativity. At first no one had any appreciation for his passion. Indeed, “as an older friend,” Max Planck advised him against this pursuit, “for, in the first place you will not succeed, and even if you succeed, no one will believe you.” Fortunately Einstein persisted and discovered a theory that represents an unprecedented combination of mathematical elegance, conceptual depth and observational success. For over 25 centuries, spacetime had been a stage on which the dynamics of matter unfolded. Suddenly the stage joined the troupe of actors. As decades passed, new aspects of this revolutionary paradigm continued to emerge. It was found that the entire universe is undergoing an expansion. Spacetime regions can get so warped that even light can be trapped in them. Ripples of spacetime curvature can carry detailed imprints of cosmic explosions in the distant reaches of the universe. A century has now passed since Einstein's discovery and yet every researcher who studies general relativity in a serious manner continues to be enchanted by its magic.
This volume was commissioned by the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation to celebrate a century of successive triumphs of general relativity as it expanded its scientific reach. Through its 12 Chapters, divided into four Parts, the volume takes us through this voyage, highlighting the advances that have occurred during the last three decades or so, roughly since the publication of the 1979 volumes celebrating the cen- tennial of Einstein's birth.
List of tables
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Looking Backward, Looking Forward: MLA Members Speak
- April Alliston, Elizabeth Ammons, Jean Arnold, Nina Baym, Sandra L. Beckett, Peter G. Beidler, Roger A. Berger, Sandra Bermann, J.J. Wilson, Troy Boone, Alison Booth, Wayne C. Booth, James Phelan, Marie Borroff, Ihab Hassan, Ulrich Weisstein, Zack Bowen, Jill Campbell, Dan Campion, Jay Caplan, Maurice Charney, Beverly Lyon Clark, Robert A. Colby, Thomas C. Coleman III, Nicole Cooley, Richard Dellamora, Morris Dickstein, Terrell Dixon, Emory Elliott, Caryl Emerson, Ann W. Engar, Lars Engle, Kai Hammermeister, N. N. Feltes, Mary Anne Ferguson, Annie Finch, Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Jerry Aline Flieger, Norman Friedman, Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Sandra M. Gilbert, Laurie Grobman, George Guida, Liselotte Gumpel, R. K. Gupta, Florence Howe, Cathy L. Jrade, Richard A. Kaye, Calhoun Winton, Murray Krieger, Robert Langbaum, Richard A. Lanham, Marilee Lindemann, Paul Michael Lützeler, Thomas J. Lynn, Juliet Flower MacCannell, Michelle A. Massé, Irving Massey, Georges May, Christian W. Hallstein, Gita May, Lucy McDiarmid, Ellen Messer-Davidow, Koritha Mitchell, Robin Smiles, Kenyatta Albeny, George Monteiro, Joel Myerson, Alan Nadel, Ashton Nichols, Jeffrey Nishimura, Neal Oxenhandler, David Palumbo-Liu, Vincent P. Pecora, David Porter, Nancy Potter, Ronald C. Rosbottom, Elias L. Rivers, Gerhard F. Strasser, J. L. Styan, Marianna De Marco Torgovnick, Gary Totten, David van Leer, Asha Varadharajan, Orrin N. C. Wang, Sharon Willis, Louise E. Wright, Donald A. Yates, Takayuki Yokota-Murakami, Richard E. Zeikowitz, Angelika Bammer, Dale Bauer, Karl Beckson, Betsy A. Bowen, Stacey Donohue, Sheila Emerson, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, Jay L. Halio, Karl Kroeber, Terence Hawkes, William B. Hunter, Mary Jambus, Willard F. King, Nancy K. Miller, Jody Norton, Ann Pellegrini, S. P. Rosenbaum, Lorie Roth, Robert Scholes, Joanne Shattock, Rosemary T. VanArsdel, Alfred Bendixen, Alarma Kathleen Brown, Michael J. Kiskis, Debra A. Castillo, Rey Chow, John F. Crossen, Robert F. Fleissner, Regenia Gagnier, Nicholas Howe, M. Thomas Inge, Frank Mehring, Hyungji Park, Jahan Ramazani, Kenneth M. Roemer, Deborah D. Rogers, A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff, Regina M. Schwartz, John T. Shawcross, Brenda R. Silver, Andrew von Hendy, Virginia Wright Wexman, Britta Zangen, A. Owen Aldridge, Paula R. Backscheider, Roland Bartel, E. M. Forster, Milton Birnbaum, Jonathan Bishop, Crystal Downing, Frank H. Ellis, Roberto Forns-Broggi, James R. Giles, Mary E. Giles, Susan Blair Green, Madelyn Gutwirth, Constance B. Hieatt, Titi Adepitan, Edgar C. Knowlton, Jr., Emanuel Mussman, Sally Todd Nelson, Robert O. Preyer, David Diego Rodriguez, Guy Stern, James Thorpe, Robert J. Wilson, Rebecca S. Beal, Joyce Simutis, Betsy Bowden, Sara Cooper, Wheeler Winston Dixon, Tarek el Ariss, Richard Jewell, John W. Kronik, Wendy Martin, Stuart Y. McDougal, Hugo Méndez-Ramírez, Ivy Schweitzer, Armand E. Singer, G. Thomas Tanselle, Tom Bishop, Mary Ann Caws, Marcel Gutwirth, Christophe Ippolito, Lawrence D. Kritzman, James Longenbach, Tim McCracken, Wolfe S. Molitor, Diane Quantic, Gregory Rabassa, Ellen M. Tsagaris, Anthony C. Yu, Betty Jean Craige, Wendell V. Harris, J. Hillis Miller, Jesse G. Swan, Helene Zimmer-Loew, Peter Berek, James Chandler, Hanna K. Charney, Philip Cohen, Judith Fetterley, Herbert Lindenberger, Julia Reinhard Lupton, Maximillian E. Novak, Richard Ohmann, Marjorie Perloff, Mark Reynolds, James Sledd, Harriet Turner, Marie Umeh, Flavia Aloya, Regina Barreca, Konrad Bieber, Ellis Hanson, William J. Hyde, Holly A. Laird, David Leverenz, Allen Michie, J. Wesley Miller, Marvin Rosenberg, Daniel R. Schwarz, Elizabeth Welt Trahan, Jean Fagan Yellin
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- PMLA / Publications of the Modern Language Association of America / Volume 115 / Issue 7 / December 2000
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- 23 October 2020, pp. 1986-2078
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- December 2000
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Charles W. Misner: Insight and Discovery
- Edited by B. L. Hu, University of Maryland, College Park, M. P. Ryan, Jr, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C. V. Vishveshwara, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, India
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- Directions in General Relativity
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- 03 February 2010
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- 22 July 1993, pp 1-9
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Summary
This summary of Charles Misner's publications only hints at the richness of his research. Misner's work is characterized by a fascination with geometry in its broadest sense and by a desire to probe the physical manifestations of gravitation. Many of his papers initiated new areas of study in general relativity. These areas either provide continuing research interest, have experienced one or more revivals, or have developed from an essential ingredient he provided. This review will emphasize those aspects of his research which have become part of the essential background of our subject. References [n] are to Misner's list of publications near the end of this volume.
To appreciate Misner's impact on general relativity one need only recall the state of this field when he began his research at Princeton in the 1950's. Major activities in the previous decades included the then-ignored work by Oppenheimer and Snyder on gravitational collapse and by Alpher and Herman predicting a 5 degree cosmic background radiation. Apart from cosmology, the appreciated work included the Einstein-Infeld-Hoffman equations of motion results from the late 1930's, Bergmann's studies of quantum gravity from the early 1950's, and the studies of the initial value problem by Lichnerowicz and Fourès (Choquet-Bruhat). Active centers with an interest in general relativity as Wheeler started his group at Princeton included those led by Bergmann at Syracuse, Lichnerowicz and Fourès-Bruhat in France, Bondi in London, Klein and Møller in Scandinavia, Synge and Pirani in Dublin (one of Schild's sojourns also), Jordan and Ehlers in Hamburg, Inf eld in Warsaw, and a few others.