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7 - Turkish family structure and functioning
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- By Bilge Ataca
- Edited by Sevda Bekman, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Ayhan Aksu-Koç, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul
- Foreword by M. Brewster Smith
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- Book:
- Perspectives on Human Development, Family, and Culture
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 26 February 2009, pp 108-125
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- Chapter
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Summary
A former student and a current colleague of Çiğdem Kağıtçıbaşı, I have found myself ever inspired by her character and her theoretical work. Originally a non-psychology major, the course of my professional life changed dramatically when Kağıtçıbaşı introduced me to social psychology and cultural influences on human behavior. Raised in a “family of psychological interdependence” with an autonomous-related self, I have been very much intrigued by her Model of Family Change, which guided the present chapter.
Turkey is at the crossroads between the East and the West, characterized by much heterogeneity and social change. This has led to the emergence of many Turkish family prototypes (Ataca 2006; Sunar and Fişek 2005). In general, they could be categorized under two prototypes, namely, the traditional family of interdependence and the family of psychological (emotional) interdependence based on Kağıtçıbaşı's (1990, 1996, 2007) Model of Family Change. Kağıtçıbaşı's model distinguishes among three prototypical family patterns. The first, “family model of interdependence,” is more common in less developed, rural, agrarian contexts with “cultures of relatedness” or collectivism and is characterized by both psychological and material interdependencies in the family system. The contrasting pattern of “family model of independence” is more common in western industrial urban settings with individualistic cultures in which both dependencies are low. A third pattern, the “family model of psychological (emotional) interdependence,” is a synthesis of the first two patterns and characterizes the urban and more developed socio-economic contexts with cultures of relatedness, in which psychological interdependencies continue, while material interdependencies weaken.
36 - Turkey
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- By Bilge Ataca, Bogazici University
- Edited by James Georgas, University of Athens, Greece, John W. Berry, Queen's University, Ontario, Fons J. R. van de Vijver, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, The Netherlands, Çigdem Kagitçibasi, Koç University, Istanbul, Ype H. Poortinga, Universiteit van Tilburg, The Netherlands
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- Book:
- Families Across Cultures
- Published online:
- 10 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 August 2006, pp 467-474
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- Chapter
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Summary
A HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF TURKEY
The Republic of Turkey was established in 1923 after the overthrow of the Ottoman sultan, the Islamic caliphate, as a secular nation state with a parliamentary government. Its present day population is approximately 67 million. Istanbul is the largest city with about 10 million inhabitants, and Ankara, the capital, is the second largest city with about 4 million inhabitants. The history of Turkey consists of, first, the history of Anatolia before the coming of the Turks and of the civilizations – Hittite, Thracian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine. Second, it includes the history of the Turkish peoples, including the Seljuks, who brought Islam and the Turkish language to Anatolia. Third, it is the history of the Ottoman Empire. Finally, Turkey's history is that of the Republic established in 1923.
ECOLOGICAL FEATURES
Turkey is situated on the northeastern Mediterranean basin with 800,000 km2 of land, 97 percent of which lies in the Anatolian Peninsula, Asia, and 3 percent in Thrace, Europe. The coastal regions are characterized by a Mediterranean climate with hot and humid summers, and mild and rainy winters, while the inland is cold and snowy in the winter and hot and dry in the summer.
ORGANIZATION AND INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY
Economic organization
The Turkish society is in a rapid transformation from a traditional, rural, agricultural, patriarchal society to a modern, urban, industrial, and egalitarian one.