3 results
7 - Treatability studies: microcosms, mesocosms, and field trials
-
- By Ian Snape, Contaminants Geochemist Working for the Australian, Antarctic Division in Tasmania, C. Mike Reynolds, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover NH 03755, USA, James L. Walworth, Dept. of Soil Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg. #38, Tucson AZ 85721, USA, Susan Ferguson, Environmental Protection and Change Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
- Edited by Dennis M. Filler, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Ian Snape, David L. Barnes, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
-
- Book:
- Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Cold Regions
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 21 February 2008, pp 125-153
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Treatability assessments are used to identify limitations to the rate or endpoint of bioremediation for a specific soil-contaminant combination. For treatability studies, the degradation pathways for the contaminant are generally known (see Chapter 4, Section 4.2.1), but the limitations in a particular soil or at a specific site are less well understood. The tremendous utility of treatability studies is in evaluating practical treatment regimes prior to full-scale implementation. The goal is to demonstrate practicability, optimize treatment design, and provide information for project planning. Sometimes this is an essential proving step for clients or regulators because choice of treatment depends primarily on urgency of remediation and cost. The cost-time relationship for different treatment types is illustrated in Chapter 1, Figure 1.1. The ability to predict the rate of bioremediation progress for a treatment scheme is particularly important in cold regions where costs are higher and treatment times are longer than in temperate regions.
In an effort to understand and improve the bioremediation process in cold regions, researchers have used treatability experiments to:
identify the presence or absence of microbial activity for a particular contaminant or group of contaminants;
determine optimum requirements, such as temperature, nutrients, oxygen, and water, for bacteria and fungi to metabolize contaminants in the soil regime;
examine the effects that natural cycles, such as freezing-thawing and wetting-drying, have on microbial activity and degradation rate;
estimate achievable endpoints;
predict and compare treatment times and costs.
Treatability studies can involve in vitro microcosms with individual bacterial species or consortia from the soil incubated in liquid or slurry media, mesocosm studies with soils and natural microfauna, or field trials.
9 - Landfarming
-
- By James L. Walworth, Dept. of Soil Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg. #38, Tucson AZ 85721, USA, C. Mike Reynolds, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover NH 03755, USA, Allison Rutter, Analytical Services Unit, Queens University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada, Ian Snape, Environmental Protection and Change Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
- Edited by Dennis M. Filler, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Ian Snape, David L. Barnes, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
-
- Book:
- Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Cold Regions
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 21 February 2008, pp 170-189
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Landfarming has been described as “a simple technique in which contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a prepared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded” (Vidali 2001) but, in practice, it can be either an ex situ or in situ technique. Landfarming generally uses a combination of volatilization and biodegradation to reduce hydrocarbon concentrations. For biodegradation to be effective, stimulating aerobic soil microorganisms is essential; this is commonly accomplished by adding nutrients and mixing the soil to increase aeration. Aerating the soil in this way also increases the loss of hydrocarbon contaminants to the atmosphere via volatilization. Volatilization of diesel and lighter hydrocarbons greatly assists the remediation process but it is less effective for heavier molecular weight hydrocarbons such as crude oil.
For in situ landfarming it is possible to treat only relatively shallow layers of soil where reasonable oxygenation can be maintained. In ex situ landfarming, excavated contaminated soil is spread as a thin layer in a treatment bed that is often lined with an impermeable layer to control leaching and runoff. Ex situ landfarming can be as simple as soil spread in a cleared area or it can be a major construction with contouring or drainage systems or both for removal of excess water. Plumbing can also be used for the application of water, either alone or in combination with nutrients or other amendments, to the landfarm surface.
Contributors
-
- By Isabella Aboderin, W. Andrew Achenbaum, Katherine R. Allen, Toni C. Antonucci, Sara Arber, Claudine Attias‐Donfut, Paul B. Baltes, Sandhi Maria Barreto, Vern L. Bengtson, Simon Biggs, Joanna Bornat, Julie B. Boron, Mike Boulton, Clive E. Bowman, Marjolein Broese van Groenou, Edna Brown, Robert N. Butler, Bill Bytheway, Neena L. Chappell, Neil Charness, Kaare Christensen, Peter G. Coleman, Ingrid Arnet Connidis, Neal E. Cutler, Sara J. Czaja, Svein Olav Daatland, Lia Susana Daichman, Adam Davey, Bleddyn Davies, Freya Dittmann‐Kohli, Glen H. Elder, Carroll L. Estes, Mike Featherstone, Amy Fiske, Alexandra Freund, Daphna Gans, Linda K. George, Roseann Giarrusso, Chris Gilleard, Jay Ginn, Edlira Gjonça, Elena L. Grigorenko, Jaber F. Gubrium, Sarah Harper, Jutta Heckhausen, Akiko Hashimoto, Jon Hendricks, Mike Hepworth, Charlotte Ikels, James S. Jackson, Yuri Jang, Bernard Jeune, Malcolm L. Johnson, Randi S. Jones, Alexandre Kalache, Robert L. Kane, Rosalie A. Kane, Ingrid Keller, Rose Anne Kenny, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Kees Knipscheer, Martin Kohli, Gisela Labouvie‐Vief, Kristina Larsson, Shu‐Chen Li, Charles F. Longino, Ariela Lowenstein, Erick McCarthy, Gerald E. McClearn, Brendan McCormack, Elizabeth MacKinlay, Alfons Marcoen, Michael Marmot, Tom Margrain, Victor W. Marshall, Elizabeth A. Maylor, Ruud ter Meulen, Harry R. Moody, Robert A. Neimeyer, Demi Patsios, Margaret J. Penning, Stephen A. Petrill, Chris Phillipson, Leonard W. Poon, Norella M. Putney, Jill Quadagno, Pat Rabbitt, Jennifer Reid Keene, Sandra G. Reynolds, Steven R. Sabat, Clive Seale, Merril Silverstein, Hannes B. Staehelin, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Debra Street, Philip Taylor, Fleur Thomése, Mats Thorslund, Jinzhou Tian, Theo van Tilburg, Fernando M. Torres‐Gil, Josy Ubachs‐Moust, Christina Victor, K. Warner Shaie, Anthony M. Warnes, James L. Werth, Sherry L. Willis, François‐Charles Wolff, Bob Woods
- Edited by Malcolm L. Johnson, University of Bristol
- Edited in association with Vern L. Bengtson, University of Southern California, Peter G. Coleman, University of Southampton, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 01 December 2005, pp xii-xvi
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
![](/core/cambridge-core/public/images/lazy-loader.gif)