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Insights from genomes and genetic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from the state of Andhra Pradesh
- Pallavali Roja Rani, Mohamed Imran, J. Vijaya Lakshmi, Bani Jolly, S. Afsar, Abhinav Jain, Mohit Kumar Divakar, Panyam Suresh, Disha Sharma, Nambi Rajesh, Rahul C. Bhoyar, Dasari Ankaiah, Sanaga Shanthi Kumari, Gyan Ranjan, Valluri Anitha Lavanya, Mercy Rophina, S. Umadevi, Paras Sehgal, Avula Renuka Devi, A. Surekha, Pulala Chandra Sekhar, Rajamadugu Hymavathy, P.R. Vanaja, Vinod Scaria, Sridhar Sivasubbu
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 149 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2021, e181
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged from a city in China and has now spread as a global pandemic affecting millions of individuals. The causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is being extensively studied in terms of its genetic epidemiology using genomic approaches. Andhra Pradesh is one of the major states of India with the third-largest number of COVID-19 cases with a limited understanding of its genetic epidemiology. In this study, we have sequenced 293 SARS-CoV-2 genome isolates from Andhra Pradesh with a mean coverage of 13324X. We identified 564 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 variants. A total of 18 variants mapped to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction primer/probe sites, and four variants are known to be associated with an increase in infectivity. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomes revealed the circulating SARS-CoV-2 in Andhra Pradesh majorly clustered under the clade A2a (20A, 20B and 20C) (94%), whereas 6% fall under the I/A3i clade, a clade previously defined to be present in large numbers in India. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive genetic epidemiological analysis performed for the state of Andhra Pradesh.
4267 Noninvasive hybrid ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging for the assessment of liver fibrosis
- Laith Riyadh Sultan, Mrigendra Karmacharya, Julia D’Souza, Brooke Kirkham, Angela K Brice, Andrew KW Wood, Stephen Hunt, Chandra Sehgal
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue s1 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2020, pp. 110-111
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The detection of liver fibrotic changes at an early and reversible stage is essential to prevent its progression to end-stage cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver biopsy, which is the current gold standard for fibrosis assessment, is accompanied by several complications due to its invasive nature in addition to sampling errors and reader variability. In this study, we evaluate the use of quantitative parameters extracted from hybrid ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging to detect and monitor fibrotic changes in a DEN rat model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Liver fibrotic changes were induced in 34 Wistar male rats by oral administration of Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 12 weeks. 22 rats were imaged with B-mode ultrasound at 3 different time points (baseline, 10 weeks and 13 weeks) for monitoring liver texture changes. Texture features studied included tissue echointensity (liver brightness normalized to kidney brightness) and tissue heterogeneity. 12 rats were imaged with photoacoustic imaging at 4 time points (baseline, 5 wks, 10 wks, and 13 wks) to look at changes in tissue oxygenation. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2A) and hemoglobin concentration (HbT) in the right and left lobes of the liver were measured. 8 rats were used as controls. Liver tissue samples were obtained following 13 weeks from DEN start time for METAVIR histopathology staging of fibrosis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Texture features studied showed an increase with time in DEN rats. Normalized echointensity increased from 0.28 ± 0.06 at baseline to 0.46 ± 0.10 at 10 weeks (p < 0.0005) and 0.53 ± 0.15 at 13 weeks in DEN rats (p < 0.0005). In the control rats, echointensity remained at an average of 0.25 ± 0.05 (p = 0.31). Tissue heterogeneity increased over time in the DEN-exposed rats from a baseline of 208.7 ± 58.3 to 344.6 ± 52.9 at 10 weeks (p < 0.0005) and 376.8 ± 54.9 at 13 weeks (p = 0.06) however it stayed constant at 225.7 ± 37.6 in control rats (p = 0.58). The quantitative analyses of the photoacoustic signals showed that blood oxygen saturation significantly increased with time. At 5 weeks sO2AvT increased by 53.83 % (± 0.25), and HbT by 35.31 % (± 0.07). Following 10 weeks of DEN; sO2AvT by 92.04 % (± 0.29), and HbT by 55.24 % (± 0.1). All increases were significant p < 0.05. In the 13th week, however, the values of all of these parameters were lower than those in the 10th week, however, the decrease was statistically insignificant. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Quantitative features from B-mode ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging consistently increased over time corresponding to hepatic damage, inflammation and fibrosis progressed. The use of this hybrid imaging method in clinical practice can help meet the significant need for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis.
2167 Beyond diagnosis: Using ultrasound to affect tumor vasculature for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy
- Julia D’Souza, Laith Sultan, Sean Carlin, Terence Gade, Stephen Hunt, Chandra Sehgal
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, pp. 5-6
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Preliminary animal studies showed that low-intensity ultrasound (US) coincident with intravascularly administered microbubbles locally disrupts tumor vasculature. This study translates the novel therapy of antivascular ultrasound (AVUS) into an autochthonous model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The differential effects produced by AVUS at low and high doses are evaluated. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: HCC was induced in 12 Wistar rats by ingestion of 0.01% diethylnitrosamine in drinking water for 12 weeks. Rats received AVUS treatment at low and high doses. Low dose group (n=6) received 1 W/cm2 US for 1 minute with 0.2 mL microbubbles injected IV. High dose group (n=6) received 2 W/cm2 for 2 minute with 0.7 mL microbubbles IV. Perfusion was measured before and after AVUS with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CE-US) and power Doppler (PD-US). Peak enhancement (PE) and perfusion index (PI) were measured from each US mode. Histology after sacrifice or natural death was compared to pre/post US. Analysis of H&E and trichrome sections was evaluated for percent area of hemorrhage and findings of tissue injury and repair including inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: After high dose AVUS, PE, and PI of CE-US decreased from baseline by an average of 33.3% and 29.7%, respectively. Histology showed extensive tissue injury (hemorrhage, necrosis, fibrosis) in 58% of tumor cross-sectional area. Conversely, low dose AVUS increased PE and PI of CE-US by an average of 39.3% and 67.8%, respectively. Histology showed smaller areas of microhemorrhage Versus large pools of hemorrhage (only 17% area). PD-US changes were similar to CE-US. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In summary, the opposing effects of AVUS observed at 2 doses allows for multiple roles in tumor therapy. Enhanced perfusion at a low dose may improve drug delivery or radiation therapy. Whereas, vascular disruption at high doses of AVUS may allow noninvasive ischemic therapy. Furthermore, AVUS is ripe for translation given the use its component parts clinically: low-intensity long-tone burst for physiotherapy and microbubbles as an US contrast agent. Thus, AVUS should be evaluated for translation of its differential effects into noninvasive therapies for HCC and other tumors.
6 - Ultrasound imaging
- Edited by R. Nick Bryan, University of Pennsylvania
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- Book:
- Introduction to the Science of Medical Imaging
- Published online:
- 01 March 2011
- Print publication:
- 19 November 2009, pp 147-159
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Summary
Ultrasound (US) consists of high-frequency sound waves that are above the range of human hearing, at frequencies higher than 20 kHz. Medical ultrasound imaging is performed at much higher frequencies, typically in the MHz range. Ultrasound differs from other conventional imaging methods in important ways. First, unlike electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound waves are non-ionizing pressure waves. Second, the ultrasound signal is recorded in the reflection mode rather than the transmission mode used for x-ray and CT imaging. In ultrasound imaging, the imaged structures are not the sources that emit radiation. Instead, the sample is imaged by applying external acoustic energy to it. A “pulse echo” technique is used to create an image from longitudinal mechanical waves that interact with tissues of the body. The applied energy is reflected to the source by tissue inhomogeneities. The resulting signals carry information about their source as well as about the sample. Decoding these signals into an image requires separating the detected signal components due to the external source from those due to the sample.
Medical ultrasound imaging systems typically incorporate a piezoelectric crystal as the external signal source. This crystal vibrates in response to an oscillating electric current, producing longitudinal mechanical waves. The ultrasound signal propagates linearly through various media, including water and soft tissue, at an average speed of 1540 m/s, but does not propagate satisfactorily through bone or air. As a result, ultrasound is most suited for imaging soft tissues.