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Contents
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- Tell Our Story
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- Wits University Press
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- 10 September 2020
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- 01 May 2020, pp v-vi
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Chapter 3 - Glebelands Hostel, Durban
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- Tell Our Story
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- 10 September 2020
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- 01 May 2020, pp 39-58
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Summary
An integral part of the backbone of the apartheid migrant labour and influx control system was the establishment of single-sex hostels in the main urban centres of South Africa. Such hostels were essentially worker dormitories, often multi-storey and made up of small rooms (with common ablution areas), each of which usually housed many individuals. Like so many others around the country, the Glebelands hostel complex, located next to South Durban's Umlazi township, became the home of male workers who were brought in from the rural areas to fill mostly low-skilled and low-paying jobs in manufacturing and heavy industries (Zulu 1993).
From the beginning, the entire hostel system provided fertile ground for individual and collective, as well as ethno-political, conflict. The main means of someone getting a room in a hostel tended to be largely ‘through personal contacts, or via companies’, which ‘contributed to the formation of homeboy [regional] cliques among residents in hostels’. The long-term result was that hostel social life tended to be ‘organised around regional or ethnocentric arrangements’ (Zulu 1993: 4). Initially run and managed by provincial authorities, the Glebelands hostel, similar to all others in Durban, has been administered by the eThekwini Municipality since the late 1990s.
On the political side, the hostel (historically an African National Congress [ANC] stronghold) saw intense conflict between the ANC and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) during the early 1990s. The first official recording of a political killing was the gunning down of Dome Wellington Ngobese, the chairperson of the IFP branch at the hostel, in July 1992 (SAHA 1992). In the late 1990s, there was a shift to intra-ANC conflict when ‘dozens of residents were murdered’, followed by a lengthy period largely free from political violence until 2008 ‘when there were attacks on, and evictions of, people who joined COPE [Congress of the People]’ (De Haas 2016).
As will be told in much more personal and direct detail below by the interviewees, the last five years have been a period of unrelenting violence and conflict, warlordism, and ethnicised and factionalised party politics, which have seen more than 100 residents being killed. All this has been accompanied by a seemingly never-ending cycle of mismanagement, corruption and criminality emanating from local government and the police.
PART 2 - FROM THE OUTSIDE: DOMINANT VOICE
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- 10 September 2020
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- 01 May 2020, pp 101-102
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Frontmatter
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- Tell Our Story
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- 10 September 2020
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Notes
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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Tell Our Story
- Multiplying Voices in the News Media
- Julie Reid, Dale T McKinley
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- 10 September 2020
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- 01 May 2020
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The dominant news media is often accused of reflecting an 'elite bias', privileging and foregrounding the interests of a small segment of society, while ignoring the narratives of the majority. Tell Our Story investigates the problem of disproportionate media representation and offers a hands-on demonstration of listening journalism and research in practice to promote a more active engagement between journalists and local communities. In the process the authors dismiss the idea that some groups are voiceless, arguing that what is often described is a matter of those groups being deliberately ignored. The authors focus on three communities in South Africa, each presenting with differing but crucial historical, geographical and socio-political 'characteristics' of the post-1994 period. Adopting an audience-centred approach, the authors delve into the life and struggle narratives of each community. They expose the divides between the stories as told by the people in the community who have lived experience of these events, and the way in which these stories are understood and shaped by the media. The implications of the media's routine misrepresentation of the voices of the marginalised and poor for media diversity, media credibility and ethics, media education and training, as well as media research are unpacked and the authors offer a useful set of practical guidelines for journalists on the practice of listening journalism.
Index
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- Tell Our Story
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- 10 September 2020
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- 01 May 2020, pp 211-221
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PART 1 - FROM THE INSIDE: VOICE(S) FROM THE GROUND
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- 01 May 2020, pp 25-26
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Bibliography
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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Chapter 6 - Dominant Media Telling and Elite Communication
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- 01 May 2020, pp 103-132
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Summary
The media does not care about us, they never report things relevant to us and papers are only interested if there is bad news about us … there's nothing in the papers that talks to us and about our struggle and lives. It's like we don't exist.
— Blikkiesdorp residentThese words ring loudly for poor people and the communities they live in across the width and breadth of South Africa. While they might not apply to all media, they apply to the dominant media in general. As captured in chapter 1, the dominant media is that collection of print and audio-visual media outfits (most often corporations), whether state or privately owned, that monopolise the framing of narrative within the media landscape.
In form, content and character, this dominant media is framed and moulded by a corporatised, neo-liberal market structure, which is a crucial component of South Africa's political economy. Since 1994, that structure has fuelled a commercial model of ‘media transformation’. In turn, ‘the political economy of South Africa's transformation has determined the political economy of the media – in the process setting limits, exerting pressures and closing off options for media transformation’ (Duncan 2009: 22). Like all similarly situated dominant sectors within South Africa's capitalist political economy, the dominant media’s ‘attitude of unwillingness to address a lack of diversity of content … excludes deep and thorough reporting on, and engaging with, grassroots peoples, communities and their experiences’ (Reid 2017b: 534).
There is little to no incentive – whether commercially, politically or programmatically – for the dominant media to either consistently and genuinely acknowledge or integrate the voices of the poor and marginalised precisely because they do not feature as substantive consumers in their profit-driven media market (Plaisance 2009). Rather, this media sees its main ‘societal purpose’ as being ‘to inculcate and defend the economic, social and political agenda of privileged groups that dominate … society and the state’ (Herman and Chomsky 1988).
Nowhere is this more applicable than in respect of the ways in which the dominant media, throughout the post-1994 democratic era, have told the stories of the majority of South Africa's population – the workers and poor. It is not that poor communities have no agency, no voice; indeed, that agency and voice is at the heart of popular and democratic struggle and contestation in contemporary South Africa.
Acknowledgements
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- Tell Our Story
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- 01 May 2020, pp ix-x
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Chapter 2 - Community Perspective, Experience and Voice
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- Tell Our Story
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- 10 September 2020
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- 01 May 2020, pp 27-38
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Summary
A small number of mostly independent news outlets acknowledge that the real ‘experts’ on any particular news story are the people whose lives are most impacted by the events and situations that the stories describe. The Global Press Journal employs reporters who are based within the community about which they report, recognising the value of journalism that is informed by an understanding of local languages, local customs and contexts, and local histories, so that information is framed in a culturally and contextually appropriate way.
Managing editor of the Global Press Journal, Krista Kapralos (2018) describes what she terms the ‘reliability gap’: a phenomenon in dominant news journalism where predominantly Western media groups and news outlets collect and represent data and evidence based on Western normative standards, regardless of whether the situation being reported on is geographically or culturally Western. Kapralos (2018) adds:
When one culture sets the standard for truth (and implements that standard regardless of location), the narratives that culture culls from other places are likely to be warped … For many research and news agencies, the process of gathering data results in a continual confrontation between Western assumptions and non-Western cultures. While that reality makes the truth less convenient to find, there is a huge potential payoff for those who seek it in context: A meaningful negotiation between equal partners who can respectfully create systems to help determine what is true. At Global Press Journal, we believe it's difficult – if not impossible – to determine the truth without engaging local people. Every story we publish is reported by a local person. Every story includes sources who are as close as possible to the situations described. And reporters are supported by a robust editorial team dedicated to accuracy.
The Guardian's editor-in-chief, Katharine Viner, insists that media outlets ought to be much more representative of the societies they aim to represent. A survey conducted in the United Kingdom revealed that a privately educated elite still dominates that country's journalism profession, and that journalism has revealed a trend towards social exclusivity more than any other profession (Weale 2016; Jones 2016). According to Viner (2017), ‘This matters because people from exclusive, homogenous backgrounds are unlikely to know anyone adversely affected by the crises of our era, or to spend time in the places where they are happening.
PART 3 - NEW TRAJECTORIES FOR JOURNALISM AND VOICE(S)
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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Chapter 5 - Thembelihle Community, Johannesburg
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- 01 May 2020, pp 79-100
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Summary
In many ways, Thembelihle is an urban microcosm of the South African transition. As the shackles of the apartheid urban planning and influx control systems began to unravel in the early to mid-1980s, a small settlement ‘was established on municipal-owned land’ that was situated southwest of Johannesburg, adjacent to the predominantly Indian suburb of Lenasia. Its first residents were a combination of urban and rural migrants, alongside the ‘employees of a brick manufacturing company’ (SERI 2013) operating in the area.
It was soon given the name Thembelihle, which literally translated means a ‘place of hope’. And, indeed, it was just that for the majority of its early residents who arrived for one or more very specific reasons: to look for work in the Johannesburg metropolis; to be closer to jobs and other amenities associated with the neighbouring Lenasia community; and/or to move away from parents and family to establish their own homes and families.
Although these initial ‘residents were granted permission to reside at the settlement by the [apartheid] government and were given materials to construct informal dwellings’ (SERI 2013), it remained classified as a ‘squatter settlement’. This meant that despite its rapid growth throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, basic services were not provided and little or no socio-economic development was undertaken by the apartheid authorities. By the time of the democratic elections in 1994, the residents of Thembelihle had managed to not only survive the brutalities of the apartheid system but also to make the area their permanent home. People lived in their own mostly self-built dwellings, however modest; children went to local schools; and most of those who had jobs worked nearby. In other words, Thembelihle had put down roots; it had become a real community.
Once the new democratic government was in place, the community fully and rightfully expected it to finally begin the process of providing basic services and faclitating other infrastructural and economic development in the area. However, very little of this was forthcoming, and in 1998 residents were told by local and provincial government that the entire community needed to be moved to a new area (Vlakfontein, several kilometres to the south) because Thembelihle was situated on dolomite and was therefore unsafe for residential upgrading or further development (McKinley 2002; Segodi 2018).
Chapter 4 - Xolobeni, Eastern Cape
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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Summary
There are few places in South Africa, or for that matter globally, that are as beautifully wild and natural as Pondoland. It is the area in which the Amadiba Administrative Area is situated and within which Xolobeni is the largest village. Pondoland is the traditional territory of the Mpondo people, one of the isiXhosa-speaking peoples of South Africa, and it is situated on the south-eastern coast of the Indian Ocean in the Eastern Cape Province. It lies between the Mthatha and Mtamvuna rivers in the form of a coastal strip that is about 50 kilometres wide (SAHO 2013).
Pondoland has a long and complex political and social history. Depending on the historical source, the timeframe during which the Mpondo people settled in the area varies but suffice to say that by the sixteenth century they were well entrenched (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2017). After many wars, land conflicts and treaties signed with both the Dutch/Boers and then the British during the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, like almost all black-owned and -settled land across South Africa, Pondoland was placed under the administration of white colonial authorities with the passage of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Under the Bantu Authorities Act of 1951, the area was incorporated into the new apartheid ‘homeland’ of Transkei, which was the first such Bantustan to be granted ‘self-government’ by the apartheid regime (SAHO 2011).
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the population of the area rose up in what has become known as the Pondoland revolt (or Nonqulwana in isiXhosa) (see Mbeki 1964). The uprising, with many African National Congress (ANC) supporters at the forefront, was in direct response to the forced imposition of tribal authorities allied to the apartheid regime and also against the impending self-government for the Transkei Bantustan (TRC 1998). While the revolt was violently suppressed, the area of Pondoland remained largely undeveloped throughout the apartheid era and has remained so since the democratic breakthrough in 1994.
Besides its unique history of land ownership, where land continues to be communally owned under the overall stewardship of local traditional governance structures (inclusive of a royal family, chiefs, headmen and headwomen, and traditional councils), the region is a biodiversity hotspot called the Pondoland Centre of Plant Endemism. With close to 200 known endemic species, it is South Africa's second-richest botanical reserve (Olalde 2017).
List of Figures
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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- Tell Our Story
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Chapter 7 - The Political Economy of Dominant Power and Storytelling
- Julie Reid, University of South Africa, Dale T McKinley, University of Johannesburg
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The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it.
— Marx and Engels, The German IdeologySOCIETAL DOMINANCE: THEORY AND PRACTICE
To summarise the quote above from Marx and Engels for the purposes of the framing analysis here, the ideas of the ruling class (which consists of many different elements) are the dominant ideas in society. However, unlike an orthodox reading of Marx, such societal dominance is not always and everywhere maintained solely through the use of force but, as Antonio Gramsci (1971) posits, through the construction of a societal (or cultural) hegemony, in which consent of the masses is necessary.
Within what Gramsci broadly calls ‘civil society’, the ruling class is able to construct and maintain such hegemony (dominance), for example, through areas such as education and the media. Over time, the ideas about and practical ways (societal norms) in which the ruling class and the elites see and interpret the world become those of the masses themselves;that is, they are inculcated, consented to and broadly legitimised. A dominant (ruling) class in society translates into dominant ideas, dominant institutions, dominant social forces, dominant sectors of the economy and dominant political parties.
To fully locate and understand this kind of multisided societal dominance in democratic South Africa, let's take a brief look at the practical frame within which it has developed. Almost coterminous with the African National Congress's (ANC’s) rise to state power in 1994 was the adoption of a capitalist neo-liberal macroeconomic policy framework, which profoundly reshaped not only the political economy of South Africa but the more specific material realities and accompanying struggles of poor communities (Marais 1998).
For those communities, such as Glebelands and Thembelihle, the impacts were devastating. Massive job losses as well as widespread casualisation of labour were experienced by those fortunate enough to be employed; the ‘experience’ being accompanied by multifaceted social and economic damage to already vulnerable families and communities.
Chapter 8 - Secrecy and power in South Africa
- from PART TWO - POWER, POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION
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- By Dale T McKinley, Independent researcher and activist.
- Edited by Gilbert M. Khadiagala, Prishani Naidoo, Devan Pillay, Roger Southall
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- New South African Review
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- 21 April 2018
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- 31 March 2014, pp 150-166
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Summary
‘The best weapon of a dictatorship is secrecy, but the best weapon of a democracy should be the weapon of openness.’
Niels Bohr (1885-1962: Danish physicist, Nobel Laureate)Secrecy has always been one of the most dangerous enemies of democracy. Any meaningful democracy, by its very nature, demands openness, transparency and accountability – the currencies of democratic freedom. On the other hand secrecy, as human history has so often shown, is the currency of authoritarianism (whatever the ideological variety), of social, economic and political control by those for whom the securing and maintenance of power is the ultimate goal.
Yet, despite these foundational understandings and historical experiences, all indications point to the reality that in our contemporary South Africa (and indeed our world) secrecy is back in fashion with a vengeance. While secrecy's ‘new’ look might appear different from those of the past – after all, power has regularly had to change its appearance precisely because of democratic struggles – the essence of what its mask is trying to hide has changed little.
As the WikiLeaks saga has so convincingly shown, there are few things that those in (or with) power, whether in the public or private sectors, fear more than for ordinary people to have access to the truth: the truth about how they spend (and earn) money; the truth about what they say and do behind closed doors and what they say and do in public; the truth about how decisions are made and who influences (and benefits from) those decisions; the truth about what we all simply don't know – but should.
Our early twenty-first century conundrum is that the rapid advances in information technology, networking and dissemination have catalysed an equally rapid growth of this fear-induced, suffocating secrecy industry. While there is now more information available than ever before (leaving aside the issue of the dominant character and content of that information as well as huge disparities in the ability to gain access to it), there are also more secrets than ever before and thus the intensified desire by those in or with power, to hide them.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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