2 results
Eleven - FGCs in the youth justice system
- Edited by Deanna Edwards, University of Salford, Kate Parkinson, University of Salford
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- Book:
- Family Group Conferences in Social Work
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 14 April 2022
- Print publication:
- 27 June 2018, pp 169-182
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter focuses upon Family Group Conferencing in the youth justice arena using the ReConnect project, an FGC service based within Leeds Youth Offending service as a case study to exemplify their use in this field. The chapter does not offer a discussion on other types of restorative approaches in the field of youth justice, but there is some suggested further reading at the end for those who wish to explore restorative approaches further.
FGCs in the youth justice field sit under the umbrella of restorative justice. Restorative justice is the process of bringing together the ‘victim’ of a crime with the ‘offender’ to enable dialogue between the two parties with a focus on ‘repairing the harm’ to the victim. The restorative process is aimed at creating an outcome where the victim feels that justice has been served and that the offender is taking responsibility for their crime (Zehr, 2015). The result is a ‘personalised’ justice process because it is the ‘victim’ who determines what needs to happen for them to feel that justice has been served.
The House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee, 2005–06 defines restorative justice as follows:
Restorative measures offer victims an opportunity to confront offenders with the consequences of the actions, receive apologies and reparation. They potentially open the way for changes of attitudes so that fear may be reduced for victims and offenders may have more understanding of their behaviour, and therefore incentive to discontinue. (paragraph 29)
Restorative Justice was first introduced into the UK in the mid- 1980s, when the Home Office funded four victim–offender mediation services (Davy, 2005).
This work was developed further in 1996 with the publication of ‘Misspent Youth’, an Audit Commission document looking at the way young people were managed with within the justice system; it introduced the idea of cautions and targeted prevention work and emphasised restorative approaches as being best practice (Audit Commission, 1996).
The next significant event was the establishment of Youth Offending Teams (YOTs), following the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. YOTs were set up with the intention of reducing the risk of young people offending and re-offending, and to provide counsel and rehabilitation to those who do offend. Again, the emphasis was on restorative approaches to address the offending behaviour of young people (Williams, 2000).
14 - Limited forest fragmentation improves reproduction in the declining New Zealand mistletoe Peraxilla tetrapetala (Loranthaceae)
- Edited by Andrew G. Young, Division of Plant Industry CSIRO, Canberra, Geoffrey M. Clarke, Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra
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- Book:
- Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations
- Published online:
- 29 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 12 October 2000, pp 241-252
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Summary
ABSTRACT
Fragmentation may disrupt mutualisms such as pollination or dispersal, adding indirect negative effects on native plant species to the direct effects of habitat loss. However the effect of fragmentation on mutualisms has been studied only rarely. Here we show that a limited degree of fragmentation improves reproduction in the endemic mistletoe Peraodlla tetrapetala (Loranthaceae) in New Zealand.
P. tetrapetala has declined since European settlement 150 years ago; the decline has been attributed partly to weakened pollination and dispersal mutualisms. The decline of native honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) has caused strong pollen-limitation for P. tetrapetala at some sites. A native lepidopteran, Zelleria maculata, also limits reproduction by destroying more than half the flower buds in some populations.
Here we report that flower predation by Z maculata decreased and bird pollination increased with fragmentation over four sites at Lake Ohau, South Island. Flower predation decreased from 48% in continuous forest to 8% on isolated trees. Pollination was lowest in forest (14% seed set) and highest on isolated trees (45%). Fruit set therefore increased 4.4-fold with fragmentation. Plant density was also 2-3 times higher on fragment edges. Dispersal was good at all sites.
Therefore, P. tetrapetala seems to benefit from the forest edges created by fragmentation, provided that enough forest habitat survives to maintain bird densities. High levels of fragmentation beyond those measured here could possibly result in abrupt failures in the mutualisms. The benefits of moderate levels of fragmentation may partially offset declines in mistletoe numbers from habitat loss and introduced herbivores, which means that small fragments may still be of high value for mistletoe conservation.
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