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eight - Transnational Turkey: the everyday transnationalism and diversity of Turkish populations in Europe
- Ettore Recchi, Sciences Po, Paris, Adrian Favell, University of Leeds, Fulya Apaydin, Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, Roxana Barbulescu, University of Leeds, Michael Braun, GESIS - Leibniz Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Köln, Irina Ciornei, Universität Bern Institut für Soziologie, Switzerland, Niall Cunningham, Durham University, Juan Diez Medrano, Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, Deniz N. Duru, Københavns Universitet, Laurie Hanquinet, University of York, Steffen Pötzschke, GESIS - Leibniz Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Köln, David Reimer, Aarhus Universitet, Danmarks Institut for Pædagogik og Uddannelse, Justyna Salamonska, European University Institute, Mike Savage, The London School of Economics and Political Science, Janne Solgaard Jensen, Albert Varela, University of Leeds
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- Book:
- Everyday Europe
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 19 April 2022
- Print publication:
- 13 February 2019, pp 225-254
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- Chapter
- Export citation
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Summary
Introduction
Turkish-origin populations are recognised as the largest non-national group resident across Europe (EUROSTAT 2015), and their highly transnational profile is well known (Küçükcan and Güngör 2009; Abadan-Unat 2011). The transnationalism of Turkish, Kurdish and other Turkish-origin migrants living in Europe has mostly been explored through their sense of belonging: for example, in studies of locality, town, country of residence and/or origin, and its relation to ideas of Europe, homeland or world citizenship; or in terms of daily interactions with the locals/natives, and the multiple, sometimes contradictory, identifications to which this leads – Turco-German, cosmopolitan, European, Turkish nationalist, Alevi, Kurdish exile, and so on (see Geaves 2003; Kaya 2007; Mandel 2008; Toktas 2012; Fokkema et al 2017; Cesur et al 2018). Yet, despite an ever growing literature, there is little work detailing their physical and virtual transnationalism on a broader and comparative scale, as has been possible using data from the EUCROSS survey (see Pötzschke et al 2014; Pötzschke 2015).
With the dataset available to us, this chapter focuses on the transnational practices of Turkish and Kurdish migrants living in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania and the UK, adopting a mixed-methods research design, enabled by a combination of work completed (a quantitative survey of 250 Turkish nationals and 10 in-depth interviews in each of the five countries, leaving aside Spain which only has a very small Turkish-origin population). Our goal is initially descriptive and cartographic, in line with other chapters: to offer a broad and detailed view of the population which captures the variety and internal cleavages within this particular case of European social transnationalism. In turn, though, such a view provides insight into the intimacy and difficulty with which Turkey is socially and politically integrated into Europe, as well as its broader geopolitical positioning.
After a literature review on the study of Turkey in Europe and a discussion of the wider research questions raised by the case of Turkish transnationalism, we organise our analysis in three main sections. In a first section, we document the demographics of the Turkish sample across the five nations in Europe, and the basic cross-border mobilities of this population in terms of their physical and virtual mobility.