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Chapter 8 - Energy End-Use: Industry
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- By Rangan Banerjee, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Yu Cong, Energy Research Institute, Dolf Gielen, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Gilberto Jannuzzi, University of Campinas, François Maréchal, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Aimee T. McKane, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Marc A. Rosen, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Denis van Es, Energy Research Centre, Ernst Worrell, Utrecht University, Robert Ayres, European Institute of Business Administration, Marina Olshanskaya, United Nations Development Programme, Lynn Price, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Deǧer Saygin, Utrecht University, Ashutosh Srivastava, Indian Institute of Technology, Eberhard Jochem, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
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- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 27 August 2012, pp 513-574
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Summary
Executive Summary
The industrial sector accounts for about 30% of the global final energy use and accounts for about 115 EJ of final energy use in 2005. Cement, iron and steel, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminum are key energy intensive materials that account for more than half the global industrial use.
There is a shift in the primary materials production with developing countries accounting for the majority of the production capacity. China and India have high growth rates in the production of energy intensive materials like cement, fertilizers and steel (12–20%/yr). In different economies materials demand is seen to grow initially with income and then stabilize. For instance in industrialized countries consumption of steel seems to saturate at about 500 kg/ capita and 400–500 kg/capita for cement.
The aggregate energy intensities in the industrial sectors in different countries have shown steady declines – due to an improvement in energy efficiency and a change in the structure of the industrial output. As an example for the EU-27 the final energy use by industry has remained almost constant (13.4 EJ) at 1990 levels. Structural changes in the economies explain 30% of the reduction in energy intensity with the remaining due to energy efficiency improvements.
In different industrial sectors adopting the best achievable technology can result in a saving of 10–30% below the current average. An analysis of cost cutting measures for motors and steam systems in 2005 indicates energy savings potentials of 2.2 EJ for motors and 3.3 EJ for steam.
Chapter 10 - Energy End-Use: Buildings
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- By Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Central European University, Nick Eyre, Oxford University, Peter Graham, University of New South Wales, Danny Harvey, University of Toronto, Edgar Hertwich, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Yi Jiang, Tsinghua University, Christian Kornevall, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Mili Majumdar, The Energy and Resources Institute, James E. McMahon, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sevastianos Mirasgedis, National Observatory of Athens, Shuzo Murakami, Keio University, Aleksandra Novikova, Climate Policy Initiative and German Institute for Economic Research, Kathryn Janda, Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University, Omar Masera, National Autonomous University, Michael McNeil, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Ksenia Petrichenko, Central European University, Sergio Tirado Herrero, Central European University, Eberhard Jochem, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
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- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
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- 27 August 2012, pp 649-760
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Summary
Executive Summary
Buildings are key to a sustainable future because their design, construction, operation, and the activities in buildings are significant contributors to energy-related sustainability challenges – reducing energy demand in buildings can play one of the most important roles in solving these challenges. More specifically:
The buildings sector and people's activities in buildings are responsible for approximately 31% of global final energy demand, approximately one-third of energy-related CO2 emissions, approximately two-thirds of halocarbon, and approximately 25–33% of black carbon emissions.
Several energy-related problems affecting human health and productivity take place in buildings, including mortality and morbidity due to poor indoor air quality or inadequate indoor temperatures. Therefore, improving buildings and their equipment offers one of the entry points to addressing these challenges.
More efficient energy and material use, as well as sustainable energy supply in buildings, are critical to tackling the sustainability-related challenges outlined in the GEA. Recent major advances in building design, know-how, technology, and policy have made it possible for global building energy use to decline significantly. A number of lowenergy and passive buildings, both retrofitted and newly constructed, already exist, demonstrating that low level of building energy performance is achievable. With the application of on-site and community-scale renewable energy sources, several buildings and communities could become zero-net-energy users and zero-greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters, or net energy suppliers.
Recent advances in materials and know-how make new buildings that use 10–40% of the final heating and cooling energy of conventional new buildings cost-effective in all world regions and climate zones.
20 - Energy-efficient solutions needed – paving the way for hydrogen
- Edited by Michael Ball, Martin Wietschel
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- Book:
- The Hydrogen Economy
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- 22 January 2010
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- 24 September 2009, pp 599-612
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Primary and final energy demand per capita or per gross domestic product (GDP) is quite high, which reflects the large losses at each level of energy conversion and use. This section stresses the fact that energy use will have to become much more efficient before hydrogen as a final energy carrier becomes attractive, given its relatively high generation cost. The option of energy and material efficiency is often forgotten, owing to a traditionally supply-oriented energy policy and the fact that efficient solutions of material end-energy use have so far remained without powerful lobbying institutions. The world of energy and material efficiency – which represents the most profitable option for many decades in this century – has to be tackled before hydrogen stands a chance of becoming a major final energy carrier and finds its place within a sustainable energy system in industrialised countries.
Present energy losses – wasteful traditions and obstacles to the use of hydrogen
In 2003, almost 450 000 PJ of global primary energy demand delivered around 295 000 PJ of final energy to customers, resulting in an estimated 141 000 PJ of useful energy after conversion in end-use devices. Thus, around 300 000 PJ – or two-thirds – of primary energy are presently lost during energy conversion, e.g., in power plants, refineries, kilns, boilers, combustion engines and electrical motors, mostly as low- and medium-temperature heat. These losses also include the small share of losses from the transmission, transformation and distribution of grid-based energies (see Fig. 20.1).
15 - The Economics of Near-Term Reductions in Greenhouse Gases
- Edited by Irving M. Mintzer, Stockholm Environment Institute
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- Book:
- Confronting Climate Change
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- 06 January 2010
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- 11 June 1992, pp 217-236
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Editor's Introduction
Many analysts have suggested that limiting the risks of rapid climate change by reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases will be very costly, especially in advanced industrial economies. Using simple models, such analysts argue that emissions-reducing technologies will increase the costs of production. These costs, they say, will divert investment from more productive opportunities and penalize the companies and countries that impose the most stringent environmental constraints on their domestic activities.
In this chapter, Eberhard Jochem and Olav Hohmeyer demonstrate that just the opposite is true. Economies benefit, even in the short term, from strategies that promote environmental protection through the development of new technologies. To make their point, these authors start with a difficult case: the Federal Republic of Germany, which has already achieved substantial gains in energy efficiency during the last two decades, but where opportunities for further improvement, and even greater economic benefit still exist.
Using a sophisticated macro-economic analysis, Jochem and Hohmeyer show, for the German case, that policies to improve energy efficiency and to shift the energy mix to advanced technologies and less carbon-intensive fuels will generate four important kinds of benefits for the national economy. Such policies will (1) spur overall economic growth, (2) quickly generate a large number of jobs within the country (including the sort of entrepreneurial jobs which encourage a resourceful, self-sufficient, and satisfied workforce), (3) increase exports of high technology products, and (4) reduce environmental and social costs of energy use that were previously uncounted in the market transactions for fuel. Taken together, these benefits will work to reduce the social costs paid by the society as a whole to subsidize economic development.