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Schizophrenia: genetics, prevention and rehabilitation
- Paolo Olgiati, Laura Mandelli, Cristina Lorenzi, Elena Marino, Pirovano Adele, Barbara Ferrari, Diana De Ronchi, Alessandro Serretti
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- Journal:
- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 21 / Issue 3 / June 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2014, pp. 109-120
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- Article
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Objective:
Genetic factors are largely implicated in predisposing to schizophrenia. Environmental factors contribute to the onset of the disorder in individuals at increased genetic risk. Cognitive deficits have emerged as endophenotypes and potential therapeutic targets for schizophrenia because of their association with functional outcome. The aims of this review were to analyse the joint effect of genetic and environmental (G×E) factors on liability to schizophrenia and to investigate relationships between genes and cognitive endophenotypes focusing on practical applications for prevention and rehabilitation.
Methods:Medline search of relevant studies published between 1990 and 2008.
Results:In schizophrenia, examples of G×E interaction include the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) (Val158Met) polymorphism, which was found to moderate the onset of psychotic manifestations in response to stress and to increase the risk for psychosis related to cannabis use, and neurodevelopmental genes such as AKT1 (serine-threonine kinase), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), DTNBP1 (dysbindin) and GRM3 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 3), which were associated with development of schizophrenia in adulthood after exposure to perinatal obstetric complications. Neurocognitive deficits are recognised as core features of schizophrenia that facilitate the onset of the disorder and have a great impact on functional outcome. Neurocognitive deficits are also endophenotypes that have been linked to a variety of genes [COMT, neuregulin (NRG1), BDNF, Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and dysbindin] conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia. Recently, it has emerged that cognitive improvement during rehabilitation therapy was under control of COMT (Val158Met) polymorphism.
Conclusion:This review could indicate a pivotal role of psychiatric genetics in prevention and rehabilitation of schizophrenic psychoses.
3 - Overview of the GTAP data base
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- By Mark Gehlhar, Washington, DC USA, Denice Gray, Washington, DC USA, Thomas W. Hertel, Purdue University, Karen M. Huff, Purdue University, Elena Ianchovichina, Purdue University, Bradley J. McDonald, Geneva Switzerland, Robert McDougall, West Lafayette, IN USA, Marinos E. Tsigas, Washington, DC USA, Randall Wigle, Wilfrid Laurier University
- Edited by Thomas W. Hertel, Purdue University, Indiana
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- Book:
- Global Trade Analysis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 28 December 1996, pp 74-123
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- Chapter
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Summary
I Introduction and overview
The centerpiece of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) data base consists of bilateral trade, transport, and protection matrices that link 24 country/regional economic data bases. (See Table 3.1 for a complete list of regions and sectors in version 2 of the GTAP data base.) The regional data bases are derived from individual country input–output tables. The purpose of this chapter is to document the sources and procedures used in constructing the disaggregated 37-sector, 24-region data base that forms the basis for subsequent applications.
The next section discusses processing of the international bilateral merchandise trade data, which are published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations. These data are ideal for our purposes, but their reliability is questionable [see, for example, DeWulf (1981); Hiemstra and Mackie (1986); and Tsigas, Hertel, and Binkley (1992)]. Therefore, we discuss a statistical procedure for reconciling discrepant trade statistics and producing balanced bilateral trade and transport matrices for 1992. These bilateralized flows are also used to determine the pattern of trade in nonfactor services.
The third section discusses the support and protection data developed for GTAP. These are expressed in the form of ad valorem equivalent, tariff, and nontariff barriers, and they draw heavily on information submitted to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in connection with the Uruguay Round negotiations.