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Chapter 12 - Endocrine Causes of Male Infertility – Diagnosis and Treatment
- from Section 2 - Clinical Evaluation of the Infertile Male
- Edited by Larry I. Lipshultz, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, Stuart S. Howards, University of Virginia, Craig S. Niederberger, University of Illinois, Chicago, Dolores J. Lamb, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
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- Book:
- Infertility in the Male
- Published online:
- 08 July 2023
- Print publication:
- 15 June 2023, pp 197-217
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Summary
Infertility is generally defined as the inability to achieve conception after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (World Health Organization (WHO)) [1]. It is estimated that approximately one-third of infertility cases are due to male factor infertility, another one-third due to female factor infertility, and the remainder due to combined male and female factors or unexplained cause(s). A recent large cross-sectional study suggests that about 10.1 percent of men experience infertility [2], and in a birth cohort study, in men aged 38 years, male infertility ranged from 14.4 to 21.8 percent [3]. Endocrine causes of male infertility are surprisingly infrequent, given that fertility is dependent on an intact hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular (HPT) axis (see Chapter 4) for adequate spermatogenesis. Systemic endocrine diseases and disturbances of the HPT axis comprise approximately 2 to 5 percent of causes of male infertility [4, 5]. Though uncommon, endocrine causes of infertility are important to diagnose, as specific treatment is available in most cases to ameliorate the clinical symptoms of hypogonadism and, in some instances, for treatment of infertility. Understanding the underlying endocrine etiology of infertility allows for shared decision-making in the management of a couple with infertility; furthermore, certain conditions may have serious health consequences if left untreated. Evaluation of endocrine causes is essential when investigating male factor infertility.
Contributors
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- By Yasir Abu-Omar, Matthew E. Atkins, Joseph E. Arrowsmith, Alan Ashworth, Rubia Baldassarri, Craig R. Bailey, David J. Barron, Christiana C. Burt, David Cardone, Coralie Carle, Jose Coddens, Alan M. Cohen, Simon Colah, Sarah Conolly, David J. Daly, Helen M. Daly, Stefan G. De Hert, Ravi J. De Silva, Mark Dougherty, John J. Dunning, Maros Elsik, Betsy Evans, Florian Falter, Nigel Farnum, Jens Fassl, Juliet E. Foweraker, Simon P. Fynn, Andrew I. Gardner, Margaret I. Gillham, Martin J. Goddard, Maximilien J. Gourdin, Jon Graham, Stephen J. Gray, Cameron Graydon, Fabio Guarracino, Roger M. O. Hall, Michael Haney, Charles W. Hogue, Ben W. Howes, Bevan Hughes, Siân I. Jaggar, David P. Jenkins, Jörn Karhausen, Todd Kiefer, Khalid Khan, Andrew A. Klein, John D. Kneeshaw, Andrew C. Knowles, Catherine V. Koffel, R. Clive Landis, Trevor W. R. Lee, Clive J. Lewis, Jonathan H. Mackay, Amod Manocha, Jonathan B. Mark, Sarah Marstin, William T. McBride, Kenneth H. McKinlay, Alan F. Merry, Berend Mets, Britta Millhoff, Kevin P. Morris, Samer A. M. Nashef, Andrew Neitzel, Stephane Noble, Rabi Panigrahi, Barbora Parizkova, J. M. Tom Pierce, Mihai V. Podgoreanu, Hans-Joachim Priebe, Paul Quinton, C. Ramaswamy Rajamohan, Doris M. Rassl, Tom Rawlings, Fiona E. Reynolds, Andrew J. Richardson, David Riddington, Andrew Roscoe, Paul H. M. Sadleir, Ving Yuen See Tho, Herve Schlotterbeck, Maura Screaton, Shitalkumar Shah, Harjot Singh, Jon H. Smith, M. L. Srikanth, Yeewei W. Teo, Kamen P. Valchanov, Jean-Pierre van Besouw, Isabeau A. Walker, Stephen T. Webb, Francis C. Wells, John Whitbread, Charles Willmott, Patrick Wouters
- Edited by Jonathan H. Mackay, Joseph E. Arrowsmith
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- Book:
- Core Topics in Cardiac Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 April 2012
- Print publication:
- 15 March 2012, pp x-xiii
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