2 results
Italy
- Edited by Jan von Hein, Thalia Kruger
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- Book:
- Informed Choices in Cross-Border Enforcement
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 26 May 2021
- Print publication:
- 15 January 2021, pp 247-274
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- Chapter
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
This report addresses the application in Italy of EU Regulation No. 805/2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims (EEO), Regulation No. 1896/2006 creating a European Order for Payment procedure (EOP), Regulation No. 861/2007 establishing a European Small Claims Procedure (ESCP), Regulation No. 655/2014 establishing a European Account Preservation Order procedure to facilitate cross-border debt recovery in civil and commercial matters (EAPO), and Commission Implementing Regulation No. 2016/1823 establishing the forms referred to in EAPO Regulation5 (together also the ‘IC2BE Regulations’ or ‘Regulations’) in order to identify the paths that lead to an improvement of their consistency and effectiveness.
It is based on: (i) the case law collected in the IC2BE database which, as of 31 January 2020, included 49 judgments, of which 19 concerned the EEO Regulation, 22 the EOP Regulation, seven the ESCP Regulation, and one the EAPO Regulation; and (ii) 19 interviews performed and analysed, of which 10 were with lawyers in private practice, three with judges, four with business lawyers, and two with representatives of consumer organisations.
The project also benefited from two exchange and information events and from the final seminar organised by the Italian team. The analysis carried out in this report is further supported by the autonomous research of the team members.
PERVASIVE PROBLEMS
AWARENESS OF REGULATIONS
Awareness in General
The aforementioned collected data clearly portray a lack of awareness of the IC2BE Regulations. The lack of knowledge concerns, for the most part, the very existence of the Regulations; but even in cases where there is awareness of the existence of these instruments, a poor familiarity with their functioning is common.
This is due to, and has simultaneously caused, their poor application, as has been shown during the IC2BE project by the few jurisdictional rulings rendered and the difficulty the Italian team experienced in finding, especially for the interviews, legal practitioners cognisant of the existence of the Regulations and of the practical issues they may raise.
The majority of participants confirmed that there is not a sufficient amount of information available on those Regulations in Italy and complained about an absence of dedicated Italian websites. Most of them criticised the complexity of the information made available in Italian on the e-Justice Portal, especially for inexperienced parties such as consumers, and emphasised that there are no practical guidelines available for businesses or company lawyers.
Effect of vortioxetine in subjects with major depressive and alcohol use disorders: a 6-month retrospective analysis
- Marco Di Nicola, Maria Pepe, Isabella Panaccione, Lorenzo Moccia, Luigi Dattoli, Marzia Molinaro, Gabriele Sani, Luigi Janiri, Roger S. McIntyre
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 27 / Issue 1 / February 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 August 2020, pp. 73-81
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Background
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are highly comorbid, with greater clinical complexity and psychosocial impairment. Several antidepressants have been used in this population, with mixed results. This preliminary study aims to investigate the effects of the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine in MDD + AUD subjects.
MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 57 MDD + AUD and 56 MDD outpatients, matched for baseline characteristics. Patients were assessed after 1, 3, and 6 months treatment with vortioxetine (10-20 mg/d, flexibly dosed) in combination with continuous psychosocial support. The primary outcome was improvement in depressive symptoms measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. We also investigated changes in anxiety, anhedonia, cognition, functioning, quality of life, and clinical global severity using the following instruments: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression, Functioning Assessment Short Test, Quality of Life Index, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale.
ResultsVortioxetine significantly improved mood in MDD + AUD patients (P < .001), with no differences when compared to MDD (P = .36). A substantial rate (45.6%) of comorbid subjects obtained clinical remission at endpoint (P = .36 vs MDD). We additionally observed baseline to endpoint improvements on all secondary outcomes (P < .001), with no significant difference between groups. Overall, vortioxetine was safe and well tolerated.
ConclusionsGiven its effectiveness on mood, cognition, and functioning, its good safety and tolerability profile, and low potential for abuse, vortioxetine could represent a valid pharmacological intervention in MDD + AUD patients as part of an integrated therapeutic-rehabilitation program.