2 results
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and amygdala function during cognitive reappraisal predicts weight restoration and emotion regulation impairment in anorexia nervosa
- Trevor Steward, Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín, Gemma Mestre-Bach, Isabel Sánchez, Nadine Riesco, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, Jose A Fernández-Formoso, Misericordia Veciana de las Heras, Nuria Custal, Jose M Menchón, Carles Soriano-Mas, Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 5 / April 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 July 2020, pp. 844-852
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- Article
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Background
Although deficits in affective processing are a core component of anorexia nervosa (AN), we lack a detailed characterization of the neurobiological underpinnings of emotion regulation impairment in AN. Moreover, it remains unclear whether these neural correlates scale with clinical outcomes.
MethodsWe investigated the neural correlates of negative emotion regulation in a sample of young women receiving day-hospital treatment for AN (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 21). We aimed to determine whether aberrant brain activation patterns during emotion regulation predicted weight gain following treatment in AN patients and were linked to AN severity. To achieve this, participants completed a cognitive reappraisal paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Skin conductance response, as well as subjective distress ratings, were recorded to corroborate task engagement.
ResultsCompared to controls, patients with AN showed reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during cognitive reappraisal [pFWE<0.05, threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) corrected]. Importantly, psycho–physiological interaction analysis revealed reduced functional connectivity between the dlPFC and the amygdala in AN patients during emotion regulation (pFWE<0.05, TFCE corrected), and dlPFC-amygdala uncoupling was associated with emotion regulation deficits (r = −0.511, p = 0.018) and eating disorder severity (r = −0.565, p = .008) in the AN group. Finally, dlPFC activity positively correlated with increases in body mass index (r = 0.471, p = 0.042) and in body fat mass percentage (r = 0.605, p = 0.008) following 12 weeks of treatment.
ConclusionsTaken together, our findings indicate that individuals with AN present altered fronto-amygdalar response during cognitive reappraisal and that this response may serve as a predictor of response to treatment and be linked to clinical severity.
sixteen - Parental mediation
- Edited by Sonia Livingstone, London School of Economics and Political Science, Leslie Haddon, London School of Economics and Political Science
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- Book:
- Kids Online
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 15 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 30 September 2009, pp 199-216
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- Chapter
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Summary
Theoretical framework
Parental mediation of children's use of the internet involves the regulation of children's internet use by parents in order to maximise benefits and, in particular, to minimise the potential negative impacts of the internet on children (Livingstone, 2007; Livingstone and Helsper, 2008). The notion originates in socialisation theory that refers to the parent–child relationship as a developmental process and envisions the parental mediation of internet use through regulatory strategies that parents introduce to maximise benefits and minimise risks for their children (Kirwil, 2009a). Therefore, parental mediation of children's use of the internet involves various child-rearing strategies and practices guided by values which are important to parents and which children learn within the family. Parental mediation of internet use is influenced by such characteristics as the age, gender, internet literacy, frequency and motivation for internet use of the child and the gender, socioeconomic status (SES), education, internet use and skills, awareness of online risks and theories of child development of the parents, together with the importance they give to values threatened by internet use and their attitudes towards the internet (Padilla-Walker and Thompson, 2005; Eastin et al, 2006a; Livingstone and Helsper, 2008). Moreover, there seems to be a link with child-rearing values found within a culture (Kirwil, 2009a).
The most useful theoretical framework describes parental strategies for mediating children's internet use by employing a two-dimensional approach: ‘system-based’and ‘user-based’ parental mediation, that is, technical solutions and parental guidance for children. Other frameworks describe a ‘protective’ versus ‘promoting’ parental attitude to children's upbringing, and differentiate between general strategies of social mediation, restrictive mediation and instructive mediation. Types of parental mediation are similar to general parental styles in family socialisation, dimensions of authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful styles (Eastin et al, 2006a; Lwin et al, 2008).
Technical solutions consist of software installed on the computers used by children to monitor the way they use the internet, that is, what kinds of activities they undertake online, what websites they visit and with whom they communicate. Usually ‘monitoring’ means checking the computer used by the child and blocking inappropriate websites or communication forums and/or talking to the child about the unsuitability and potential negative consequences of these websites and communication forms.