In spite of Freud's great discoveries tracing back the origins of adult psycho-neurosis to the mental conflicts of early childhood, until comparatively recently little was done by psychiatrists generally to investigate and treat directly the mental problems of difficult and neurotic children. Though a few clinics had been established for a considerable time in Vienna and elsewhere as a result of the work of Adler and his pupils, the “Child Guidance “movement obtained its greatest impetus from America. Here it arose, however, out of social problems rather than medical; more particularly from Healey's studies of delinquent children. Partly on account of its origin in this way, and partly no doubt influenced by the behaviourist psychology so much in evidence in U.S.A., the tendency there from the beginning was to stress the importance of the child's environment and the remedial effect of altering harmful influences found in it. The psycho-analytic schools, on the other hand, have emphasized the endogenous nature of neurotic conflict, i.e., localized the trouble wholly in the child's mind; which has led them to concentrate on treatment of the child itself to the exclusion of the material surroundings.