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12 - Intergroup Reconciliation Processes in Israel: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Findings
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- By Arie Nadler, Tel Aviv University, Ido Liviatan, Tel Aviv University
- Edited by Nyla R. Branscombe, University of Kansas, Bertjan Doosje, Universiteit van Amsterdam
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- Book:
- Collective Guilt
- Published online:
- 05 January 2012
- Print publication:
- 06 September 2004, pp 216-235
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- Chapter
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Summary
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict involves two national movements that lay claim to the same land. Since the end of the first major Arab-Israeli war in 1948, relations between Israelis and Palestinians have been marked by violence and distrust, and for most of their common history neither side has accepted the legitimacy of the other's national existence. This reality changed in 1993 when Israelis and Palestinians signed the Oslo Accords, a set of agreements in which both sides formally recognized the legitimacy of the other's national aspirations. Despite this breakthrough, the agreement stipulated that the final settlement between the parties would be postponed until the two sides amassed a sufficient level of trust to tackle the most difficult remaining issues. Consequently, the period between the summer of 1993 and the summer of 2000 was one of trust-building, and expectations for a near and peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict were high. In the summer of 2000, this hopeful reality suddenly changed again. Since then, and up through the summer of 2002, hostility and violence have replaced efforts to build a long-lasting peace. Although the present chapter represents a general analysis of intergroup reconciliation, the examples and findings are taken from the context of this conflict.
We begin by distinguishing between the concepts of conflict resolution and reconciliation. Following this distinction, two categories of reconciliation shall be identified – socio-emotional and trust-building reconciliation – and data that are relevant to this distinction will be presented.
8 - Exonerating Cognitions, Group Identification, and Personal Values as Predictors of Collective Guilt among Jewish-Israelis
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- By Sonia Roccas, Open University of Israel, Yechiel Klar, Tel Aviv University, Ido Liviatan, Tel Aviv University
- Edited by Nyla R. Branscombe, University of Kansas, Bertjan Doosje, Universiteit van Amsterdam
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- Book:
- Collective Guilt
- Published online:
- 05 January 2012
- Print publication:
- 06 September 2004, pp 130-147
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- Chapter
- Export citation
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Summary
We explore the reactions of group members when they are confronted with wrongdoing by members of their national group against members of another national group. In our research we assess the viability of both direct and indirect routes to collective guilt, the role that personal values may have on the direct and indirect routes to collective guilt, as well as the potentially complex effects of group identification on the experience of collective guilt. We identify a “paradox of group identification,” in which different aspects of identification with one's national group (i.e., attachment to and glorification of the group) can exacerbate or alleviate collective guilt. Further, we examine the relationships between these aspects of group identification and the moral outrage experienced when harm is done to defenseless people in the context of intergroup conflict by either members of the ingroup, the outgroup, or a third group.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been characterized as one of the most enduring intractable national conflicts (Bar-Tal, 1998; Rouhana & Bar-Tal, 1998). Tragically, as we write, we are in the midst of yet another violent resurgence of the conflict. Our studies examine recent developments in the conflict but also focus on reactions of Israelis to historical events in which they personally played no part.
As is the case for most national groups, both Israelis and Palestinians conceive of themselves as peace-seeking collectives. For example, the Israeli Declaration of Independence, proclaimed on May 14, 1948 amidst the 1948 war, states the following:
We appeal – in the very midst of the onslaught launched against us now for months– to the Arab inhabitants of the State of Israel to preserve peace and participate in the upbuilding of the State on the basis of full and equal citizenship and due representation in all its provisional and permanent institutions.[…]