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Contributors
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- By Jane E. Adcock, Yahya Aghakhani, A. Anand, Eva Andermann, Frederick Andermann, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Sandrine Aubert, Nadia Bahi-Buisson, Carman Barba, Agatino Battaglia, Geneviève Bernard, Nadir E. Bharucha, Laurence A. Bindoff, William Bingaman, Francesca Bisulli, Thomas P. Bleck, Stewart G. Boyd, Andreas Brunklaus, Harry Bulstrode, Jorge G. Burneo, Laura Canafoglia, Laura Cantonetti, Roberto H. Caraballo, Fernando Cendes, Kevin E. Chapman, Patrick Chauvel, Richard F. M. Chin, H. T. Chong, Fahmida A. Chowdhury, Catherine J. Chu-Shore, Rolando Cimaz, Andrew J. Cole, Bernard Dan, Geoffrey Dean, Alessio De Ciantis, Fernando De Paolis, Rolando F. Del Maestro, Irissa M. Devine, Carlo Di Bonaventura, Concezio Di Rocco, Henry B. Dinsdale, Maria Alice Donati, François Dubeau, Michael Duchowny, Olivier Dulac, Monika Eisermann, Brent Elliott, Bernt A. Engelsen, Kevin Farrell, Natalio Fejerman, Rosalie E. Ferner, Silvana Franceschetti, Robert Friedlander, Antonio Gambardella, Hector H. Garcia, Serena Gasperini, Lorenzo Genitori, Gioia Gioi, Flavio Giordano, Leif Gjerstad, Daniel G. Glaze, Howard P. Goodkin, Sidney M. Gospe, Andrea Grassi, William P. Gray, Renzo Guerrini, Marie-Christine Guiot, William Harkness, Andrew G. Herzog, Linda Huh, Margaret J. Jackson, Thomas S. Jacques, Anna C. Jansen, Sigmund Jenssen, Michael R. Johnson, Dorothy Jones-Davis, Reetta Kälviäinen, Peter W. Kaplan, John F. Kerrigan, Autumn Marie Klein, Matthias Koepp, Edwin H. Kolodny, Kandan Kulandaivel, Ruben I. Kuzniecky, Ahmed Lary, Yolanda Lau, Anna-Elina Lehesjoki, Maria K. Lehtinen, Holger Lerche, Michael P. T. Lunn, Snezana Maljevic, Mark R. Manford, Carla Marini, Bindu Menon, Giulia Milioli, Eli M. Mizrahi, Manish Modi, Márcia Elisabete Morita, Manuel Murie-Fernandez, Vivek Nambiar, Lina Nashef, Vincent Navarro, Aidan Neligan, Ruth E. Nemire, Charles R. J. C. Newton, John O'Donavan, Hirokazu Oguni, Teiichi Onuma, Andre Palmini, Eleni Panagiotakaki, Pasquale Parisi, Elena Parrini, Liborio Parrino, Ignacio Pascual-Castroviejo, M. Scott Perry, Perrine Plouin, Charles E. Polkey, Suresh S. Pujar, Karthik Rajasekaran, R. Eugene Ramsey, Rahul Rathakrishnan, Roberta H. Raven, Guy M. Rémillard, David Rosenblatt, M. Elizabeth Ross, Abdulrahman Sabbagh, P. Satishchandra, Swati Sathe, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Philip A. Schwartzkroin, Rod C. Scott, Frédéric Sedel, Michelle J. Shapiro, Elliott H. Sherr, Michael Shevell, Simon D. Shorvon, Adrian M. Siegel, Gagandeep Singh, S. Sinha, Barbara Spacca, Waney Squier, Carl E. Stafstrom, Bernhard J. Steinhoff, Andrea Taddio, Gianpiero Tamburrini, C. T. Tan, Raymond Y. L. Tan, Erik Taubøll, Robert W. Teasell, Mario Giovanni Terzano, Federica Teutonico, Suzanne A. Tharin, Elizabeth A. Thiele, Pierre Thomas, Paolo Tinuper, Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, Sumeet Vadera, Pierangelo Veggiotti, Jean-Pierre Vignal, J. M. Walshe, Elizabeth J. Waterhouse, David Watkins, Ruth E. Williams, Yue-Hua Zhang, Benjamin Zifkin, Sameer M. Zuberi
- Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
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- Book:
- The Causes of Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 14 April 2011, pp ix-xvi
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15 - Opercular epilepsies with oromotor dysfunction
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- By Javier Salas-Puig, Department of Neurology, Hospital General de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain, Angeles Pérez-Jiménez, Department of Neurology, Hospital General de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain, Pierre Thomas, Department of Neurology, CHU, Nice, France, Ingrid I. E. Scheffer, Department of Neurology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia, Bernardo Dalla Bernardina, Neuropediatric Department, Borgo Roma Hospital, Verona, Italy, Renzo Guerrini, Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, The Wolfson Centre, London, UK
- Edited by Renzo Guerrini, University of London, Jean Aicardi, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, Frederick Andermann, Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, Mark Hallett, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore
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- Book:
- Epilepsy and Movement Disorders
- Published online:
- 03 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 December 2001, pp 251-268
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Summary
Introduction
The term operculum insulae denotes the cortical region that covers the insulae Reili. It is made up of frontal, parietal, and temporal cortical convolutions. A bilateral structural or functional disturbance of the cortical motor areas of the anterior part (frontal) operculum, including the inferior rolandic area, and their corticonuclear projections to the nuclei of the 5th, 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves, causes a unique clinical picture of a supranuclear (pseudobulbar) palsy. It presents with swallowing difficulties, anarthria or severe dysarthria, and loss of the ability to imitate oral gestures, resulting from a central disturbance of volitional control of the facio-linguo-glosso-pharyngo-masticatory muscles, while preserving automatic, involuntary, emotional innervation, and reflex motor activity. Pathological crying and laughing are conspicuously absent. It is also designated Foix–Chavany–Marie Syndrome (FCMS), in honour of the authors who described it in 1926, in two adults with bilateral infarction of the anterior operculum (Foix et al., 1926). Bilateral cortical impairment underlies the symptomatology of FCMS as lower cranial nerve brainstem receive innervation from both hemispheres.
The best known form of the syndrome is the classical FCMS due to serial strokes in adults with cerebrovascular disease (Bruyn & Gathier, 1969). FCMS can also occur in infancy and childhood, in relation to diverse etiologies and different clinical evolutions. It can be permanent, secondary to congenital malformation or to acquired structural lesion in early life, or can have an intermittent or reversible expression in the background of certain epileptic disorders involving the perisylvian regions (Christen et al., 2000).