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Contributors
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- By Lenard A. Adler, Pinky Agarwal, Rehan Ahmed, Jagga Rao Alluri, Fawaz Al-Mufti, Samuel Alperin, Michael Amoashiy, Michael Andary, David J. Anschel, Padmaja Aradhya, Vandana Aspen, Esther Baldinger, Jee Bang, George D. Baquis, John J. Barry, Jason J. S. Barton, Julius Bazan, Amanda R. Bedford, Marlene Behrmann, Lourdes Bello-Espinosa, Ajay Berdia, Alan R. Berger, Mark Beyer, Don C. Bienfang, Kevin M. Biglan, Thomas M. Boes, Paul W. Brazis, Jonathan L. Brisman, Jeffrey A. Brown, Scott E. Brown, Ryan R. Byrne, Rina Caprarella, Casey A. Chamberlain, Wan-Tsu W. Chang, Grace M. Charles, Jasvinder Chawla, David Clark, Todd J. Cohen, Joe Colombo, Howard Crystal, Vladimir Dadashev, Sarita B. Dave, Jean Robert Desrouleaux, Richard L. Doty, Robert Duarte, Jeffrey S. Durmer, Christyn M. Edmundson, Eric R. Eggenberger, Steven Ender, Noam Epstein, Alberto J. Espay, Alan B. Ettinger, Niloofar (Nelly) Faghani, Amtul Farheen, Edward Firouztale, Rod Foroozan, Anne L. Foundas, David Elliot Friedman, Deborah I. Friedman, Steven J. Frucht, Oded Gerber, Tal Gilboa, Martin Gizzi, Teneille G. Gofton, Louis J. Goodrich, Malcolm H. Gottesman, Varda Gross-Tsur, Deepak Grover, David A. Gudis, John J. Halperin, Maxim D. Hammer, Andrew R. Harrison, L. Anne Hayman, Galen V. Henderson, Steven Herskovitz, Caitlin Hoffman, Laryssa A. Huryn, Andres M. Kanner, Gary P. Kaplan, Bashar Katirji, Kenneth R. Kaufman, Annie Killoran, Nina Kirz, Gad E. Klein, Danielle G. Koby, Christopher P. Kogut, W. Curt LaFrance, Patrick J.M. Lavin, Susan W. Law, James L. Levenson, Richard B. Lipton, Glenn Lopate, Daniel J. Luciano, Reema Maindiratta, Robert M. Mallery, Georgios Manousakis, Alan Mazurek, Luis J. Mejico, Dragana Micic, Ali Mokhtarzadeh, Walter J. Molofsky, Heather E. Moss, Mark L. Moster, Manpreet Multani, Siddhartha Nadkarni, George C. Newman, Rolla Nuoman, Paul A. Nyquist, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Odi Oguh, Denis Ostrovskiy, Kristina Y. Pao, Juwen Park, Anastas F. Pass, Victoria S. Pelak, Jeffrey Peterson, John Pile-Spellman, Misha L. Pless, Gregory M. Pontone, Aparna M. Prabhu, Michael T. Pulley, Philip Ragone, Prajwal Rajappa, Venkat Ramani, Sindhu Ramchandren, Ritesh A. Ramdhani, Ramses Ribot, Heidi D. Riney, Diana Rojas-Soto, Michael Ronthal, Daniel M. Rosenbaum, David B. Rosenfield, Durga Roy, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Max C. Rudansky, Eva Sahay, Friedhelm Sandbrink, Jade S. Schiffman, Angela Scicutella, Maroun T. Semaan, Robert C. Sergott, Aashit K. Shah, David M. Shaw, Amit M. Shelat, Claire A. Sheldon, Anant M. Shenoy, Yelizaveta Sher, Jessica A. Shields, Tanya Simuni, Rajpaul Singh, Eric E. Smouha, David Solomon, Mehri Songhorian, Steven A. Sparr, Egilius L. H. Spierings, Eve G. Spratt, Beth Stein, S.H. Subramony, Rosa Ana Tang, Cara Tannenbaum, Hakan Tekeli, Amanda J. Thompson, Michael J. Thorpy, Matthew J. Thurtell, Pedro J. Torrico, Ira M. Turner, Scott Uretsky, Ruth H. Walker, Deborah M. Weisbrot, Michael A. Williams, Jacques Winter, Randall J. Wright, Jay Elliot Yasen, Shicong Ye, G. Bryan Young, Huiying Yu, Ryan J. Zehnder
- Edited by Alan B. Ettinger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Deborah M. Weisbrot, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Book:
- Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 17 April 2014, pp xi-xx
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Contributors
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- By Karl-Erik Andersson, Anthony Atala, Atta Behfar, Timothy A. Bertram, Stefanie Biechler, Peter R. Brink, David Burmeister, Martin K. Childers, George J. Christ, Ira S. Cohen, Stephen A. Fann, Harold I. Friedman, Mark E. Furth, Peter A. Galie, Gautam S. Ghatnekar, Richard L. Goodwin, Robert G. Gourdie, Roche de Guzman, Benjamin S. Harrison, Johnny Huard, Emily Ongstad, Jay D. Potts, Lola M. Reid, Justin M. Saul, G. Sitta Sittampalam, Bert Spilker, Jan P. Stegemann, Andre Terzic, Panagiotis A. Tsonis, Virginijus Valiunas, Mark Van Dyke, J. B. Vella, M. Natalia Vergara, Belinda J. Wagner, J. Koudy Williams, James Yoo, Michael J. Yost
- Edited by George J. Christ, Karl-Erik Andersson
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- Book:
- Regenerative Pharmacology
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 15 April 2013, pp ix-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Dmitri Bezinover, Ira Todd Cohen, Garret Choby, Kimberly E. Fenton, David Goldenberg, Goldstein Scott, Brian W. Grose, Michael K. Hurst, Zara Karparvar, Jodie E. Landis, Thomas K. Lee, Jonathan D McGinn, Raymond Maguire, Daryn H Moller, Slawomir Oleszak, Michael Ondik, Steven L. Orebaugh, Sophie R. Pestieau, Shaji Poovathoor, Eric Posner, Leonard Pott, Diego Preciado, Elliot Regenbogen, Elias B Rizk, Ghassan J. Samara, Peggy A Seidman, Elizabeth H Sinz, MS Dana Stauffer, BS Joanne Stene, John Stene, Jay B. Tuchman, Yvonne Tsui, James Vosswinkel, Alison Wilson, Margaret Wojnar, Robert Yellon
- Edited by Peggy A. Seidman, Stony Brook University, State University of New York, Elizabeth H. Sinz, Pennsylvania State University, David Goldenberg, Pennsylvania State University
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- Book:
- Tracheotomy Management
- Published online:
- 25 October 2011
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- 20 October 2011, pp viii-xi
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11 - Neural network analysis of learning in autism
- from Part two - Clinical disorders
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- By Ira L. Cohen
- Edited by Dan J. Stein, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, Jacques Ludik, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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- Book:
- Neural Networks and Psychopathology
- Published online:
- 12 January 2010
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- 03 December 1998, pp 274-315
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Summary
Goldilocks … dipped a spoon into Father Bear's bowl, but the porridge in it was too hot… Then she tried some from Mother Bear's bowl, but that was too cold. The porridge in Baby Bear's bowl was just right…
Robert Southey, Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Even though autism is a relatively infrequent disorder, occurring in about 1.5 to 2 cases/1000 in the population (Sugiyama and Abe, 1989), it has attracted the attention of many researchers since the time of Kanner's (1943) initial description of the syndrome. This curiosity reflects, in part, the fact that the bizarre and puzzling behaviors shown by individuals with autism present a challenge to theorists. More urgently, the fact that age-appropriate learning and social–communicative behavior is not present in these children has a devastating impact on their families and on the children's later social, emotional and cognitive development. Understanding the biological mechanisms responsible for autism may help to shed light on the best way to treat this syndrome.
Autism has an age of onset that is, typically, between 12 and 30 months of age, although some mothers report noticing abnormalities in their child's behavior from birth. The first behavioral disturbances noted include lack of response to the child's name being called, acting as if deaf, despite other evidence of apparent normal hearing (e.g., dashing to the kitchen from another room when a candy bar is unwrapped); failure to anticipate being picked up; failure to cuddle when held; poor eye contact and lack of interest in social interaction; failure to use normal gestures such as pointing to communicate (instead pulling others to desired objects);