2 results
Effects of the 2002 Sniper Attacks on the Homeless Population in Washington, DC
- Carol S. Fullerton, Robert K. Gifford, Brian W. Flynn, Karen M. Peterson, Frederick L. Ahearn, Linda Plitt Donaldson, Robert J. Ursano
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 3 / Issue 3 / October 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2013, pp. 163-167
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- Article
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Objective: Despite the prevalence of homelessness, this population has rarely been included in disaster and terrorism planning. To better understand the mental health needs of the homeless during a terrorist event and to highlight the need to address methodological limitations in research in this area, we examined responses to the October 2002 Washington, DC, sniper attacks.
Methods: We interviewed 151 homeless individuals 1 year after the Washington, DC, sniper attacks.
Results: The majority (92.7%) was aware of the sniper events; 84.1% stayed informed through the media and 72.7% had someone to turn to for emotional support. Almost half (44%) reported identification with victims and 41% increased substance use during the attacks. More than half (61.7%) felt extremely frightened or terrified and 57.6% reported high perceived threat. Females, nonwhites, and participants with less than a high school education experienced greater threat. Women, nonwhites, and younger (<43 years old) participants were more likely to have decreased more activities and 32.7% increased confidence in local law enforcement; however, 32.7% became less confident.
Conclusions: During a terrorist attack the homeless population may be difficult to reach or reluctant to comply with public health programs. Addressing barriers to health care in vulnerable groups is critical to effective public health disaster response. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:163–167)
12 - Complement receptors
- Edited by J. S. H. Gaston, University of Cambridge
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- Book:
- Rheumatic Diseases
- Published online:
- 06 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 28 July 1999, pp 245-276
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- Chapter
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Summary
Complement receptor type 1
The primary function of complement receptor (CR) type 1 (CR1, CD35) is phagocytosis and clearance of immune complexes, which is mediated by its capacity to bind complement ligands C3b, iC3b, C4b and C1q and its capacity to inactivate the C3 and C5 convertases of the alternative and classical complement pathways through decay-accelerating and cofactor functions (Fearon, 1979; Iidia & Nussenzweig, 1981; Medof et al., 1982; Klickstein et al., 1997). CR1 is expressed primarily by haematopoietic cells, including erythrocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, eosinophils, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. It is also present on glomerular podocytes and follicular dendritic cells (Fearon, 1980; Wilson, Tedder & Fearon, 1983; Gelfand, Frank & Green, 1975; Kazatchkine et al., 1982; Reynes et al., 1985).
Structurally, CR1 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein (Fig. 12.1). Four CR1 allotypes have been identified (Dykman et al., 1983a,b; 1985; Wong, Wilson & Fearon, 1983; Dykman, Hatch & Atkinson, 1984), with Mr under reducing/non-reducing conditions of ∼250 000/190 000 (A, F), 290 000/220 000 (B, S), 210 000/160 000 (C, F′) and >290 000/250 000 (D) (Wong & Fearon, 1987). All CR1 allotypes share the same transmembrane domain of 25 amino acid residues and a 43 residue cytoplasmic tail. All allotypes have extracytoplasmic domains composed entirely of structural motifs, referred to as short consensus repeats (SCR), or complement control protein (CCP) modules, arranged in tandem. The A(F) allotype comprises 2039 residues, including a 41 residue signal peptide and a 1930 residue extracellular domain composed entirely of 30 SCRs (Klickstein et al., 1988; Hourcade et al., 1988). The amino terminal 28 SCRs are arranged in four long homologous repeats (LHRs) (A–D) of seven SCRs each; two additional SCRs link LHR-D with a 25 residue transmembrane region and a 43 residue cytoplasmic domain (Klickstein et al., 1988).