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Burning coal seams in southern Utah: a natural system for studies of plant responses to elevated CO2
- Edited by A. Raschi, Institute of Environmental Analysis and Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Florence, F. Miglietta, Institute of Environmental Analysis and Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Florence, R. Tognetti, Institue of Forest Tree Breeding, Florence, P. van Gardingen, University of Edinburgh
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- Book:
- Plant Responses to Elevated CO2
- Published online:
- 10 February 2010
- Print publication:
- 28 November 1997, pp 56-68
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Summary
SUMMARY
In the Burning Hills and Smoky Mountains of southern Utah (USA), coal deposits exposed to the surface have been ignited by lightning and have been burning for periods of years to over a century. We examined one of these sites, where the below-ground combustion of this low-sulfur coal releases gases to the atmosphere from vents above the burning seam. The surrounding vegetation is cold-desert shrub, typical of the region and consisted of both C3 and C4 perennial species.
Additionally, at least one weedy C4 species had invaded disturbed locations immediately adjacent to the active vent area. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the vicinity of the vents fluctuated significantly, however, CO2 concentrations measured approximately 500 m from the most active vents were 7 ppm elevated above ambient concentrations measured at a control site 10 km from the burning vents. CO2 concentrations at sites nearer the vents, but still with natural, undisturbed vegetation, were elevated 65 ppm above ambient background values. At vegetated sites nearest the vents, CO2 concentrations were elevated by an average of 542 ppm above ambient values.
The continuous distribution of C4 vegetation along the CO2 concentration gradient provides a means of estimating the long-term integrated CO2 concentrations at each location. Using the carbon isotope ratio of the C4 vegetation (Atriplex confertifolia and Salsola iberica) to estimate the atmospheric CO2 concentration, we observed that the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 concentrations of C3 vegetation decreased in response to elevated CO2 concentrations. This decreased ratio for Gutierrezia sarothrae (C3) was sufficient to result in a predicted doubling of water-use efficiency.
7 - Diurnal leaf movements and productivity in canopies
- Edited by Graham Russell, University of Edinburgh, Bruce Marshall, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, Paul G. Jarvis, University of Edinburgh
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- Book:
- Plant Canopies
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
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- 16 March 1989, pp 129-142
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Summary
Introduction
Over the past 15 years a number of studies have focused on characterising diurnal leaf movements that occur in a variety of plants in response to the sun's movement across the sky. It is now clear that these solar tracking leaf movements are triggered by a directional light stimulus and that these movements result in at least a partial regulation by the leaf of the intensity of the incident photon irradiance. The purpose of this chapter is to review what is known about the different kinds of leaf solar tracking movements, their impact on primary productivity, and the potential ecological roles of these phenomena.
Solar tracking is an expression applied to describe the heliotropic movements of both leaves and flowers; it denotes the ability of these structures to move in response to the diurnal change in the sun's position in the sky. Heliotropic movements are distinguishable from other directional types of growth by their rapidity, the reversibility and by the overnight resetting to face the morning sun (Yin, 1938). Two main kinds of diurnal movements are recognised: diaheliotropic movements in which the leaf lamina remain oriented perpendicular to the sun's direct rays and paraheliotropic movements in which the leaf lamina are oriented obliquely to the sun's direct rays (Ehleringer & Forseth, 1980). In the extreme cases of paraheliotropism, the leaf lamina may change from nearly perpendicular to the sun's rays to an orientation parallel to the sun's rays.