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1 - Imaging of flow: basic principles
- from Section 1 - Techniques
- Edited by Peter B. Barker, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Xavier Golay, Gregory Zaharchuk
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- Book:
- Clinical Perfusion MRI
- Published online:
- 05 May 2013
- Print publication:
- 16 May 2013, pp 1-15
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Summary
Introduction
The flow of blood to an organ is a fundamental physiological factor affecting tissue health, growth, and repair. Blood flow and volume are perturbed in many disease conditions, most notably in vascular disease and in tumors. The ability to determine non-invasively blood flow and blood volume using imaging methods therefore has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Since the early days of radiological imaging, scientists and physicians have been searching for methods that can accurately and non-invasively depict the major blood vessels of the body, and measure blood flow in tissue. For instance, X-ray projection imaging of blood vessels (angiography) was first demonstrated in 1927 by Moniz [1], using iodinated contrast agents injected intravascularly, while early measurements of tissue blood flow were based on the inhalation of freely diffusible tracers (e.g., nitrous oxide [N2O] [2], or radioactive xenon or krypton [3]). Subsequently, stable (i.e., non-radioactive) xenon was used in conjunction with X-ray computed tomography (CT) to image cerebral blood flow (CBF) [4], while other methods such as single-photon emission CT (SPECT) [5, 6] and positron emission tomography (PET) [7, 8] imaging using a variety of radiotracers also became available. More recently, dynamic CT perfusion imaging using bolus injection of iodinated contrast agents has been growing in popularity [9], particularly as fast multi-slice CT scanners have become widely available.
Contributors
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- By Joëlle Adrien, M. Y. Agargun, Negar Ahmadi, Imran M. Ahmed, J. Todd Arnedt, Joseph Barbera, Simon Beaulieu-Bonneau, Marie E. Beitinger, Francesco Benedetti, Glenn Berall, Kirk J. Brower, Gregory M. Brown, Kumaraswamy Budur, Daniel P. Cardinali, Deirdre A. Conroy, Sara Dallaspezia, José Manuel de la Fuente, Paolo De Luca, Diana De Ronchi, Antonio Drago, Matthew R. Ebben, Irshaad Ebrahim, Pingfu Feng, Peter B. Fenwick, Lina Fine, Jonathan Adrian Ewing Fleming, Paul A. Fredrickson, Stephany Fulda, Lucile Garma, Roger Godbout, Reut Gruber, J. Allan Hobson, Andrea Iaboni, Anna Ivanenko, Mayumi Kimura, Milton Kramer, Christoph J. Lauer, Remy Luthringer, Luis Fernando Martínez, Sara Matteson-Rusby, Robert W. McCarley, Charles J. Meliska, Harvey Moldofsky, Charles M. Morin, Sricharan Moturi, Marie-Christine Ouellet, James F. Pagel, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Barbara L. Parry, Timo Partonen, Wilfred R. Pigeon, Thomas Pollmächer, Nathalie Pross, Elliott Richelson, Naomi L. Rogers, Stefan Rupprecht-Mrozek, Philip Saleh, Andreas Schuld, Alessandro Serretti, Colin M. Shapiro, Christopher Michael Sinton, Marcel G. Smits, D. Warren Spence, Jürgen Staedt, Corinne Staner, Luc Staner, Axel Steiger, Deborah Suchecki, Michael J. Thorpy, Inna Voloh, Bradley G. Whitwell, Robert A. Zucker
- Edited by S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, University of Illinois, Chicago
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- Book:
- Sleep and Mental Illness
- Published online:
- 05 July 2011
- Print publication:
- 01 April 2010, pp ix-xiii
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