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14 - Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape Province: An Early–Middle Pleistocene Paleoenvironmental Sequence for the Interior of South Africa
- from Part II - Southern Africa
- Edited by Sally C. Reynolds, Bournemouth University, René Bobe, University of Oxford
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- Book:
- African Paleoecology and Human Evolution
- Published online:
- 19 May 2022
- Print publication:
- 09 June 2022, pp 142-160
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Summary
Localities in the interior of South Africa, such as Taung and Vaal River sites, were intensively researched after hominins were discovered (Péringuey, 1911; Dart, 1925a; Goodwin, 1928), but then neglected for the fossil-rich, dolomitic breccia sites in Gauteng Province (e.g., Cooke, 1963, 1967; Vrba, 1976; Brain, 1981, Brain and Sillen, 1988; Bamford, 1999; Pickering and Kramers, 2010; Herries and Shaw, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2011; Lee-Thorp and Sponheimer, 2013). Recently, knowledge of the interior region has increased, following excavations at Florisbad (Brink, 1988; Kuman et al., 1999; Toffolo et al., 2015), Taung, including Equus Cave (Scott, 1987; Klein et al., 1991; McKee and Tobias, 1994; Lee-Thorp and Beaumont, 1995; Johnson et al., 1997; Hopley et al., 2013; McKee, 2016), Canteen Kopje (Beaumont, 1990, 2004; McNabb and Beaumont, 2011; Smith et al., 2012; Lotter et al., 2016), Pniel (Beaumont, 1990; Kunneriath and Gaillard, 2010; Hutson, 2018), Erfkroon (Churchill et al., 2000a; Brink et al., 2015a), Bundu Farm (Kiberd, 2006; Hutson, 2018), Cornelia (Brink et al., 2012; Toffolo et al., 2019) and the Kathu Complex (Porat et al., 2010; Wilkins and Chazan, 2012; Wilkins et al., 2012; Walker et al., 2014; Lukich et al., 2019, 2020).
9 - Networking technologies for wide-area measurement applications
- from Part III - Smart grid and wide-area networks
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- By Yi Deng, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA, Hua Lin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA, Arun G. Phadke, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA, Sandeep Shukla, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA, James S. Thorp, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA
- Edited by Ekram Hossain, University of Manitoba, Canada, Zhu Han, University of Houston, H. Vincent Poor, Princeton University, New Jersey
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- Book:
- Smart Grid Communications and Networking
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
- Print publication:
- 24 May 2012, pp 205-233
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Summary
Introduction
A wide-area measurement system (WAMS) consists of advanced measurement technology, the latest communication network infrastructure, and integrated operational framework. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) infrastructure for energy-management system (EMS) has been widely used in power systems for a long time. Some of the functionalities of an EMS are system state monitoring, tie-line bias control, and economic dispatch [1]. However, in recent years, various deficiencies of the existing SCADA-based EMS (such as quasi-steady-state calculation, non-synchronized data acquisition, and relatively low data transmission rate) have been pointed out. These defects make it impossible to sample the global state of a power system in real time. As more and more wide-area blackouts are reported, it is clear that acquiring real-time or wide-area state information would be needed in the future. The state information in terms of phasors of voltages and currents from a distributed wide area in real time is therefore critical for avoiding large-area disturbances by effecting wide-area control based on wide-area measurements.
The main enabler of WAMS is phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology. With the innovation of PMU, the problem of measuring the phasor quantities simultaneously from a wide area of distributed substations, also called ‘synchrophasor’, has been solved. At present, the PMU technology is one of the essential enablers for WAMS. It utilizes the availability of high-precision synchronized clock sources – extracted from global positioning system (GPS) receivers and samples the instantaneous analogue – quantities of voltage and current magnitudes and phase angles.
Looking Backward, Looking Forward: MLA Members Speak
- April Alliston, Elizabeth Ammons, Jean Arnold, Nina Baym, Sandra L. Beckett, Peter G. Beidler, Roger A. Berger, Sandra Bermann, J.J. Wilson, Troy Boone, Alison Booth, Wayne C. Booth, James Phelan, Marie Borroff, Ihab Hassan, Ulrich Weisstein, Zack Bowen, Jill Campbell, Dan Campion, Jay Caplan, Maurice Charney, Beverly Lyon Clark, Robert A. Colby, Thomas C. Coleman III, Nicole Cooley, Richard Dellamora, Morris Dickstein, Terrell Dixon, Emory Elliott, Caryl Emerson, Ann W. Engar, Lars Engle, Kai Hammermeister, N. N. Feltes, Mary Anne Ferguson, Annie Finch, Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Jerry Aline Flieger, Norman Friedman, Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Sandra M. Gilbert, Laurie Grobman, George Guida, Liselotte Gumpel, R. K. Gupta, Florence Howe, Cathy L. Jrade, Richard A. Kaye, Calhoun Winton, Murray Krieger, Robert Langbaum, Richard A. Lanham, Marilee Lindemann, Paul Michael Lützeler, Thomas J. Lynn, Juliet Flower MacCannell, Michelle A. Massé, Irving Massey, Georges May, Christian W. Hallstein, Gita May, Lucy McDiarmid, Ellen Messer-Davidow, Koritha Mitchell, Robin Smiles, Kenyatta Albeny, George Monteiro, Joel Myerson, Alan Nadel, Ashton Nichols, Jeffrey Nishimura, Neal Oxenhandler, David Palumbo-Liu, Vincent P. Pecora, David Porter, Nancy Potter, Ronald C. Rosbottom, Elias L. Rivers, Gerhard F. Strasser, J. L. Styan, Marianna De Marco Torgovnick, Gary Totten, David van Leer, Asha Varadharajan, Orrin N. C. Wang, Sharon Willis, Louise E. Wright, Donald A. Yates, Takayuki Yokota-Murakami, Richard E. Zeikowitz, Angelika Bammer, Dale Bauer, Karl Beckson, Betsy A. Bowen, Stacey Donohue, Sheila Emerson, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, Jay L. Halio, Karl Kroeber, Terence Hawkes, William B. Hunter, Mary Jambus, Willard F. King, Nancy K. Miller, Jody Norton, Ann Pellegrini, S. P. Rosenbaum, Lorie Roth, Robert Scholes, Joanne Shattock, Rosemary T. VanArsdel, Alfred Bendixen, Alarma Kathleen Brown, Michael J. Kiskis, Debra A. Castillo, Rey Chow, John F. Crossen, Robert F. Fleissner, Regenia Gagnier, Nicholas Howe, M. Thomas Inge, Frank Mehring, Hyungji Park, Jahan Ramazani, Kenneth M. Roemer, Deborah D. Rogers, A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff, Regina M. Schwartz, John T. Shawcross, Brenda R. Silver, Andrew von Hendy, Virginia Wright Wexman, Britta Zangen, A. Owen Aldridge, Paula R. Backscheider, Roland Bartel, E. M. Forster, Milton Birnbaum, Jonathan Bishop, Crystal Downing, Frank H. Ellis, Roberto Forns-Broggi, James R. Giles, Mary E. Giles, Susan Blair Green, Madelyn Gutwirth, Constance B. Hieatt, Titi Adepitan, Edgar C. Knowlton, Jr., Emanuel Mussman, Sally Todd Nelson, Robert O. Preyer, David Diego Rodriguez, Guy Stern, James Thorpe, Robert J. Wilson, Rebecca S. Beal, Joyce Simutis, Betsy Bowden, Sara Cooper, Wheeler Winston Dixon, Tarek el Ariss, Richard Jewell, John W. Kronik, Wendy Martin, Stuart Y. McDougal, Hugo Méndez-Ramírez, Ivy Schweitzer, Armand E. Singer, G. Thomas Tanselle, Tom Bishop, Mary Ann Caws, Marcel Gutwirth, Christophe Ippolito, Lawrence D. Kritzman, James Longenbach, Tim McCracken, Wolfe S. Molitor, Diane Quantic, Gregory Rabassa, Ellen M. Tsagaris, Anthony C. Yu, Betty Jean Craige, Wendell V. Harris, J. Hillis Miller, Jesse G. Swan, Helene Zimmer-Loew, Peter Berek, James Chandler, Hanna K. Charney, Philip Cohen, Judith Fetterley, Herbert Lindenberger, Julia Reinhard Lupton, Maximillian E. Novak, Richard Ohmann, Marjorie Perloff, Mark Reynolds, James Sledd, Harriet Turner, Marie Umeh, Flavia Aloya, Regina Barreca, Konrad Bieber, Ellis Hanson, William J. Hyde, Holly A. Laird, David Leverenz, Allen Michie, J. Wesley Miller, Marvin Rosenberg, Daniel R. Schwarz, Elizabeth Welt Trahan, Jean Fagan Yellin
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- Journal:
- PMLA / Publications of the Modern Language Association of America / Volume 115 / Issue 7 / December 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 October 2020, pp. 1986-2078
- Print publication:
- December 2000
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