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Chapter 6 - Critical Pulmonic Stenosis
- from Section 2 - Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions
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- By Jennie Ngai
- Edited by Laura K. Berenstain, James P. Spaeth
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- Book:
- Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 09 September 2021
- Print publication:
- 16 September 2021, pp 33-38
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Summary
During fetal development, little blood flows through the lungs due to high pulmonary vascular resistance. After birth, pulmonary vascular resistance is initially elevated and then decreases over the first few days of life. In normal infants the ductus arteriosus is not needed after birth and begins to functionally close during the first 24–72 hours after birth. It is anatomically closed between the third and fourth week of life. In infants with critical pulmonary valve stenosis, the amount of antegrade blood flow through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries is limited, and therefore the major source of source of pulmonary blood flow is provided via the ductus arteriosus. As it closes, if antegrade blood flow through the critically stenosed pulmonic valve is not sufficient infants become hypoxemic and may require institution of prostaglandin E1 to maintain ductal flow. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in the cardiac catheterization laboratory is the treatment of choice for the typical dome-shaped valve characteristically seen in pulmonary stenosis. This chapter describes the perioperative considerations and management of an infant with critical pulmonary stenosis undergoing balloon valvuloplasty in the catheterization laboratory.
15 - The Politics of Global Production: Apple, Foxconn and China's New Working Class
- from Modular Governance
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- By Jenny Chan, University of Oxford, Ngai Pun, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Mark Selden, University and Visiting Researcher at NYU
- Edited by Dev Nathan, Meenu Tewari, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Sandip Sarkar
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- Book:
- Labour in Global Value Chains in Asia
- Published online:
- 23 July 2017
- Print publication:
- 11 July 2016, pp 353-376
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Summary
Introduction
The magnitude of Apple's commercial success is paralleled by, and based upon, the scale of production in its supply chain factories, the most important of them located in Asia (Apple, 2012a, p. 7). As the principal manufacturer of products and components for Apple, Taiwanese company Foxconn currently employs 1.4 million workers in China alone. Arguably, then, just as Apple has achieved a globally dominant position, described as ‘the world's most valuable brand’ (Brand Finance Global 500, 2013), so too have the fortunes of Foxconn been entwined with Apple's success, facilitating Foxconn's rise to become the world's largest electronics contractor (Dinges, 2010). This chapter explores the contradictions between capital and labour in the context of the global production chains of the consumer electronics industry. Drawing on concepts from the Global Commodity Chains and Global Value Chain frameworks (Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, 1994; Bair, 2005; Gereffi et al., 2005), the article analyses the power dynamics of the buyer-driven supply chain and the national terrains that mediate or even accentuate global pressures.
The principal focus is on labour in the electronics supply chain, including working conditions and labour as agency, consistent with recent studies of labour as the key element in global production chains or networks (McKay, 2006; Smith et al., 2006; Taylor and Bain, 2008; Webster et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 2013). In particular, the concentration of capital in China and the important roles played by Asian contractors open up new terrains of labour struggle (Silver, 2003; Appelbaum, 2008; Silver and Zhang, 2009). This inquiry evaluates the incentives for Apple to outsource and to concentrate production in a small number of final-assembly facilities in China. It also examines the potential risks or disincentives that might compel Apple to respond more directly, or responsibly, to negative publicity surrounding labour conditions and the collective actions of workers in its supply chain. While the specific detail is concerned with the interaction between Apple and Foxconn, the article briefly considers the relationship between other buyers (e.g., Dell) and contractors (e.g., Pegatron). Consequently, it locates emergent labour struggles more broadly in the electronics sector as a whole.