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Feeding the team: Analysis of a Spratt’s dog cake from Antarctica
- Sara J. Fraser-Miller, Jeremy S. Rooney, Keith C. Gordon, Craig R. Bunt, Jill M. Haley
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- Journal:
- Polar Record / Volume 57 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 June 2021, e19
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- Article
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The use of Spratt’s dog cakes is well documented in the diaries and reminiscences of many early Antarctic expedition members. Commercially produced dog food was promoted by the likes of Spratt’s as an advanced form of animal nutrition and would have been of interest to expedition planners who were already concerned with the nutritional requirements of expedition members. An approximately 100-year-old dog cake recovered from Antarctica was compared by chemical analysis and spectroscopic methods with a series of model dog cakes and a commercial dog biscuit to determine the composition and calorific content. The presence of bone fragments within the dog cake was confirmed, whereas starch in the bulk matrix of the sample was consistent with being a mixture of wheat and oat flour, while only minimal fat or oil was present. Calorific content, while insufficient compared to a modern feed for high-performance dogs, would nonetheless have been a valuable addition to the use of dried or frozen whole meat such as seal, fish, or pemmican and contributed additional energy compared to meat alone.
5 - The Byker Community Trust and the ‘Byker Approach’
- Edited by Mel Steer, Newcastle University, Simin Davoudi, Newcastle University, Mark Shucksmith, Newcastle University, Liz Todd, Newcastle University
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- Book:
- Hope under Neoliberal Austerity
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 05 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 26 April 2021, pp 57-72
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Summary
Introduction
Newcastle's Byker Estate is one of the last heroic post-war attempts in Britain to provide better housing for a working-class community. Its aspiration of providing decent homes for all now seems a distant memory, with the demonisation and residualisation of social housing and successive turns of the screw in recent years, such as ‘the bedroom tax’ and Universal Credit.
The Byker Community Trust (BCT) housing association was created in 2012, acquiring both the council's housing stock and land, and its management responsibilities, in what is one of the poorest wards in the country. This unique approach to ownership and management followed from the decision in 2007 to heritage ‘list’ the Byker Estate for its architectural and historic qualities.
This chapter describes the work of the BCT to bring much-needed investment to the estate. This has been accompanied by the ‘Byker Approach’, developing a leadership and empowerment culture aimed to be inclusive of all and give tenants a key voice and role in decisionmaking, with a focus now upon a thriving Byker where people want to live – ‘an estate of choice’.
Social housing in an era of neoliberalism and austerity
The term ‘multiple deprivation’ was coined in the 1970s in recognition that people are often living with material and structural disadvantage, combined at the level of both the individual and the neighbourhood, including poor housing. Such deprivation can contribute to poor educational achievement, poor health, high crime rates and poor employment prospects, and cumulatively lead to poor life chances for those affected. Ever since, government policy has been, ostensibly, to combat such multiple deprivation. Yet, in a perfect storm of ideologically and austerity-driven policy since 2010, successive governments seem to have been intent on concentrating and increasing levels of multiple deprivation in England, through changes to a raft of legislation and social policy. Most obviously, this includes the housing and welfare systems, though it ranges far more widely and extends to, for example, the criminal justice system.
When the post-war welfare state was developed, improved housing was understood as one of the essential social goods across the political spectrum. Yet, within this apparent post-war consensus, there were some significant political differences.
Evaluating response to group CBT in young children with autism spectrum disorder
- Deanna Swain, Haley G. Murphy, Tyler A. Hassenfeldt, Jill Lorenzi, Angela Scarpa
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- Journal:
- The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist / Volume 12 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 March 2019, e17
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Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit difficulties with negative affect. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been successfully adapted for individuals with ASD to treat these difficulties. In a wait-list control study, for example, group analyses showed promising results for young children with ASD using a developmentally adapted group CBT approach. This report examined response to group CBT in terms of individual-level change in young children with ASD. Eighteen children with ASD, aged 5–7 years, and their respective parents participated in treatment. Parents completed pre- and post-treatment measures of negative affect and related behaviours. Treatment responders and non-responders were grouped based on significant treatment outcomes as assessed by statistically significant change for lability/negativity and 20% decrease in intensity, duration or frequency of emotional outbursts. Results indicated that 67% of children met criteria as a treatment responder, showing meaningful improvement in at least two outcome measures. No significant group differences emerged for initial characteristics before treatment. Wilcoxon signed rank tests determined pre-/post-treatment change in parental confidence for each treatment responder group. Results indicated statistically significant increase for the treatment responder group in parent-reported confidence in their own ability and in their child's ability to manage the child's anger and anxiety, but these results were not significant for the treatment non-responder group. Results provide additional evidence that CBT can significantly decrease expressions of anger/anxiety in children with ASD as young as 5 years, yet also suggest need for further improvement.