30 results
The Incorporation of Nanoparticles into Conventional Glass-Ionomer Dental Restorative Cements
- Elizabeta Gjorgievska, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo, John W. Nicholson, Nichola J. Coleman, Ian J. Slipper, Samantha Booth
-
- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / April 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 February 2015, pp. 392-406
- Print publication:
- April 2015
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Conventional glass-ionomer cements (GICs) are popular restorative materials, but their use is limited by their relatively low mechanical strength. This paper reports an attempt to improve these materials by incorporation of 10 wt% of three different types of nanoparticles, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and titanium dioxide, into two commercial GICs (ChemFil® Rock and EQUIA™ Fil). The results indicate that the nanoparticles readily dispersed into the cement matrix by hand mixing and reduced the porosity of set cements by filling the empty spaces between the glass particles. Both cements showed no significant difference in compressive strength with added alumina, and ChemFil® Rock also showed no significant difference with zirconia. By contrast, ChemFil® Rock showed significantly higher compressive strength with added titania, and EQUIA™ Fil showed significantly higher compressive strength with both zirconia and titania. Fewer air voids were observed in all nanoparticle-containing cements and this, in turn, reduced the development of cracks within the matrix of the cements. These changes in microstructure provide a likely reason for the observed increases in compressive strength, and overall the addition of nanoparticles appears to be a promising strategy for improving the physical properties of GICs.
Interfacial Properties of Three Different Bioactive Dentine Substitutes
- Elizabeta S. Gjorgievska, John W. Nicholson, Sonja M. Apostolska, Nichola J. Coleman, Samantha E. Booth, Ian J. Slipper, Mitko I. Mladenov
-
- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 19 / Issue 6 / December 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 October 2013, pp. 1450-1457
- Print publication:
- December 2013
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Three different bioactive materials suitable as dentine substitutes in tooth repair have been studied: glass-ionomer cement, particulate bioglass, and calcium-silicate cement. On 15 permanent human molars, Class V cavities were prepared and the bottom of each cavity was de-mineralized by an artificial caries gel. After the de-mineralization, the teeth were restored with: (1) Bioglass®45S5 and ChemFil® Superior; (2) Biodentine™ and ChemFil® Superior; and (3) ChemFil® Superior for a complete repair. The teeth were stored for 6 weeks in artificial saliva, then cut in half along the longitudinal axis: the first half was imaged in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the other half was embedded in resin and analyzed by SEM using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The glass-ionomer and the bioglass underwent ion exchange with the surrounding tooth tissue, confirming their bioactivity. However, the particle size of the bioglass meant that cavity adaptation was poor. It is concluded that smaller particle size bioglasses may give more acceptable results. In contrast, both the glass-ionomer and the calcium-silicate cements performed well as dentine substitutes. The glass-ionomer showed ion exchange properties, whereas the calcium silicate gave an excellent seal resulting from its micromechanical attachment.
Remineralization of Demineralized Enamel by Toothpastes: A Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, and Three-Dimensional Stereo-Micrographic Study
- Elizabeta S. Gjorgievska, John W. Nicholson, Ian J. Slipper, Marija M. Stevanovic
-
- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 19 / Issue 3 / June 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 May 2013, pp. 587-595
- Print publication:
- June 2013
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Remineralization of hard dental tissues is thought to be a tool that could close the gap between prevention and surgical procedures in clinical dentistry. The purpose of this study was to examine the remineralizing potential of different toothpaste formulations: toothpastes containing bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite, or strontium acetate with fluoride, when applied to demineralized enamel. Results obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM/energy dispersive X-ray analyses proved that the hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass-containing toothpastes were highly efficient in promoting enamel remineralization by formation of deposits and a protective layer on the surface of the demineralized enamel, whereas the toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as NaF had little, if any, remineralization potential. In conclusion, the treatment of demineralized teeth with toothpastes containing hydroxyapatite or bioactive glass resulted in repair of the damaged tissue.
Optimising echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease in New Zealand: not all valve disease is rheumatic
- Rachel H. Webb, Nigel J. Wilson, Diana R. Lennon, Elizabeth M. Wilson, Ross W. Nicholson, Tom L. Gentles, Clare P. O'Donnell, John W. Stirling, Irene Zeng, Adrian A. Trenholme
-
- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 21 / Issue 4 / 12 July 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 March 2011, pp. 436-443
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Aims
Echocardiography detects a greater prevalence of rheumatic heart disease than heart auscultation. Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease combined with secondary prophylaxis may potentially prevent severe rheumatic heart disease in high-risk populations. We aimed to determine the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in children from an urban New Zealand population at high risk for acute rheumatic fever.
Methods and resultsTo optimise accurate diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease, we utilised a two-step model. Portable echocardiography was conducted on 1142 predominantly Māori and Pacific children aged 10–13 years. Children with an abnormal screening echocardiogram underwent clinical assessment by a paediatric cardiologist together with hospital-based echocardiography. Rheumatic heart disease was then classified as definite, probable, or possible. Portable echocardiography identified changes suggestive of rheumatic heart disease in 95 (8.3%) of 1142 children, which reduced to 59 (5.2%) after cardiology assessment. The prevalence of definite and probable rheumatic heart disease was 26.0 of 1000, with 95% confidence intervals ranging from 12.6 to 39.4. Portable echocardiography overdiagnosed rheumatic heart disease with physiological valve regurgitation diagnosed in 28 children. A total of 30 children (2.6%) had non-rheumatic cardiac abnormalities, 11 of whom had minor congenital mitral valve anomalies.
ConclusionsWe found high rates of undetected rheumatic heart disease in this high-risk population. Rheumatic heart disease screening has resource implications with cardiology evaluation required for accurate diagnosis. Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease may overdiagnose rheumatic heart disease unless congenital mitral valve anomalies and physiological regurgitation are excluded.
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Acknowledgements
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Book:
- Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002, pp x-xii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Frontmatter
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Book:
- Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002, pp i-iv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Index of Manuscripts
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Book:
- Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002, pp 622-623
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002
-
A new two-volume edition of the sources and major analogues of all the Canterbury Tales prepared by members of the New Chaucer Society. This collection, the first to appear in over half a century, features such additions as a fresh interpretation of Chaucer's sources for the frame of the work, chapters on the sources of the General Prologue and Retractions, and modern English translations of all foreign language texts. Chapters on the individual tales contain an updated survey of the present state of scholarship on their source materials. Several sources and analogues discovered during the past fifty years are found here together for the first time, and some other familiar sources are re-edited from manuscripts closer to Chaucer's copies. Volume I includes chapters on the Frame and the tales of the Reeve, Cook, Friar, Clerk, Squire, Franklin, Pardoner, Melibee, Monk, Nun's Priest, Second Nun and Parson. Chapters on the other tales, together with the General Prologue and Retractions will appear in Volume Two. ROBERT M. CORREALE teaches at Wright State University, Ohio; MARY HAMEL teaches at Mount St Mary College, Maryland.
Contributors and editors
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Book:
- Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002, pp 615-616
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
preface
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Book:
- Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002, pp vii-ix
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Bryan and Dempster's Sources and Analogues of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, first published in 1941, has been one of the most important reference tools in Chaucer studies. It has played a leading role in helping scholars understand and assess how Chaucer handled the many classical, patristic and medieval sources he used in fashioning his masterpiece. In the past sixty years, however, there have been many new developments in the field, and a revised and expanded edition has long been needed. This new Sources and Analogues of The Canterbury Tales is a collaborative effort by an international team of scholars to meet this need. Its purpose is essentially the same as that of its distinguished predecessor – to present the sources in the forms that Chaucer knew them, and where sources are unknown, to present the closest analogues to the tales in the forms with which Chaucer was presumably acquainted.
There are, however, several important differences in content and format between Bryan and Dempster's work and this volume. Several new sources and analogues of the Tales discovered in the past half century (e.g. Friar's Tale, Second Nun's Tale) are printed here together for the first time. Some wellknown sources of others (e.g. Man of Law's Tale, Wife of Bath's Prologue) are re-edited from manuscripts closer to those Chaucer presumably knew and used. Some source texts in Bryan and Dempster have been omitted, including especially Sercambi's Novelle, now known to have been written too late to have influenced Chaucer's idea for the frame of the Tales. The most noticeable difference is the appearance of modern English translations of all sources and analogues in foreign languages. This addition, which will make these texts more accessible to scholars and students of Chaucer, as well as to a larger audience of interested readers of the Tales, has also required expansion of this edition to two volumes.
This first volume begins with a fresh examination of the sources of the frame of the work. Helen Cooper's assertion that Boccaccio's Decameron is the one text “that can stake a primary claim to being Chaucer's model for the Tales” represents a major shift of opinion among a number of scholars who are now willing to credit the influence of this work on The Canterbury Tales, and also signals another distinct change from Bryan and Dempster.
General Index
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Book:
- Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002, pp 617-621
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contents
- Edited by Robert M. Correale, Mary Hamel
-
- Book:
- Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales: vol. I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 25 October 2017
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2002, pp v-vi
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
1 - Introduction
- Alan D. Wilson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex, John W. Nicholson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex
-
- Book:
- Acid-Base Cements
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1993, pp 1-4
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Acid–base (AB) cements have been known since the mid 19th century. They are formed by the interaction of an acid and a base, a reaction which yields a cementitious salt hydrogel (Wilson, 1978) and offers an alternative route to that of polymerization for the formation of macromolecular materials. They are quick-setting materials, some of which have unusual properties for cements, such as adhesion and translucency. They find diverse applications, ranging from the biomedical to the industrial.
Despite all this there has been a failure to recognize AB cements as constituting a single, well-defined class of material. Compared with organic polymers, Portland cement and metal alloys, they have been neglected and, except in specialized fields, awareness of them is minimal. In this book we attempt to remedy the situation by unifying the subject and treating this range of materials as a single class.
Human interest in materials stretches back into palaeolithic times when materials taken from nature, such as wood and stone, were fashioned into tools, weapons and other artifacts. Carving or grinding of a material is a slow and time-consuming process so the discovery of pottery, which does away with the need for these laborious processes, was of the greatest significance. Here, a soft plastic body, potter's clay, is moulded into the desired shape before being converted into a rigid substance by firing.
Acid-Base Cements
- Their Biomedical and Industrial Applications
- Alan D. Wilson, John W. Nicholson
-
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1993
-
Acid-base cements have been known since the mid-nineteenth century and offer an alternative to polymerization as a route for forming solid substances. They are quick setting materials and some have unusual properties for cements, such as adhesion and translucency. They find diverse applications ranging from the biomedical to the industrial. Despite this there has been a failure to recognize them as constituting a single, well defined class of material. This book attempts to remedy this situation by unifying the subject and treating this range of materials as a single class. Following a brief historical overview, an introductory chapter defines these cements as materials that are formed by reacting a basic powder with an acidic liquid to yield a salt-like matrix. The nature of the cementation process and the cement-forming acids and bases are discussed. Other chapters are devoted to the methods of study, the structure of water and simple polyelectrolyte theory. In the remaining chapters the various types of cements classified according the anionic constituent of the matrix, are described. Thus, there are chapters on polyalkenoate, phosphate, oxychloride, oxysulphate and the non-aqueous phenolate cements. A chapter is devoted to miscellaneous aqueous cements which include the recently discovered polyphosphonate cements.
Frontmatter
- Alan D. Wilson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex, John W. Nicholson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex
-
- Book:
- Acid-Base Cements
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1993, pp i-viii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
10 - Experimental techniques for the study of acid–base cements
- Alan D. Wilson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex, John W. Nicholson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex
-
- Book:
- Acid-Base Cements
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1993, pp 359-385
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
The chief problem in studying the chemical nature of AB cements is that many are essentially amorphous, so that the powerful tool of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis cannot be used. Some AB cements do exhibit a degree of crystallinity, but rarely in significant amounts; indeed, complete crystallinity is usually a sign that the reaction product is not cementitious. The literature contains numerous examples of workers being misled by the results of XRD analysis into neglecting the presence and significance of the amorphous phase.
A number of techniques have been employed that are capable of giving information about amorphous phases. These include infrared spectroscopy, especially the use of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) or Fourier transform (FT) techniques. They also include electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Nor are wet chemical methods to be neglected for they, too, form part of the armoury of methods that have been used to elucidate the chemistry and microstructure of these materials.
In addition to spectrosopic studies of the setting chemistry of AB cements, numerous mechanical tests have been used to measure properties of the set materials. This latter group has included determination of compressive and flexural strengths, translucency, electrical conductivity and permittivity. The present chapter describes each of these techniques in outline, and shows how they have been applied. Results obtained using these techniques are described in earlier chapters which deal more thoroughly with each individual type of AB cement.
Preface
- Alan D. Wilson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex, John W. Nicholson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex
-
- Book:
- Acid-Base Cements
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1993, pp xvii-xviii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
The senior author first became interested in acid–base cements in 1964 when he undertook to examine the deficiencies of the dental silicate cement with a view to improving performance. At that time there was much concern by both dental surgeon and patient at the failure of this aesthetic material which was used to restore front teeth. Indeed, at the time, one correspondent commenting on this problem to a newspaper remarked that although mankind had solved the problem of nuclear energy the same could not be said of the restoration of front teeth. At the time it was supposed that the dental silicate cement was, as its name implied, a silicate cement which set by the formation of silica gel. Structural studies at the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) soon proved that this view was incorrect and that the cement set by formation of an amorphous aluminium phosphate salt. Thus we became aware of and intrigued by a class of materials that set by an acid–base reaction. It appeared that there was endless scope for the formulation of novel materials based on this concept. And so it proved.
Over the years, from 1964 to date, a team at the LGC, with its expertise in Materials Chemistry, has studied many of the materials described in this book, elucidating structures, setting reactions and behaviour. This experience has formed a strong experimental background against which the book was written. In addition we have maintained contact with leaders in this field throughout the world.
8 - Miscellaneous aqueous cements
- Alan D. Wilson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex, John W. Nicholson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex
-
- Book:
- Acid-Base Cements
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1993, pp 307-317
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
General
This chapter is devoted to a miscellaneous group of aqueous acid–base cements that do not fit into other categories. There are numerous cements in this group. Although many are of little practical interest, some are of theoretical interest, while others have considerable potential as sustainedrelease devices and biomedical materials. Deserving of special mention as biomedical materials of the future are the recently invented polyelectrolyte cements based on poly(vinylphosphonic acids), which are related both to the orthophosphoric acid and poly(alkenoic acid) cements.
Miscellaneous aluminosilicate glass cements
In 1968 Wilson published an account of his early search for alternatives to orthophosphoric acid as a cement-former with aluminosilicate glasses. Aluminosilicate glasses of the type used in dental silicate cements were used in the study and were reacted with concentrated solutions of various organic and inorganic acids. Wilson (1968) made certain general observations on the nature of cement formation which apply to all cements based on aluminosilicate glasses.
(1) Silica gel is formed in the reaction but is not associated with cement formation.
(2) Water is essential to the reaction and cements are not formed when the acid is present in an organic solvent rather than in aqueous solution. Water acts as an effective reaction medium and probably hydrates reaction products.
(3) Cements are formed only with acids that are capable of forming complexes with calcium and aluminium. Thus, neither hydrochloric nor acetic acid forms cements.
4 - Polyelectrolytes, ion binding and gelation
- Alan D. Wilson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex, John W. Nicholson, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Middlesex
-
- Book:
- Acid-Base Cements
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 July 1993, pp 56-89
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Polyelectrolytes
General
The setting of AB cements is an example of gelation, and gelation is related to ion binding. A theoretical examination of the various phenomena associated with ion binding and gelation finds its clearest exposition in the field of polyelectrolytes. Moreover, this field may be wider than it seems at first.
Polyelectrolytes form the basis of those modern cements which are distinguished by their ability to adhere to reactive surfaces. At present the main use of such cements lies in the medical field, principally in dental surgery. They adhere permanently to biological surfaces where they have to withstand adverse conditions of wetness, chemical attack, the stress of biological activity, and chemical and biological changes within the substrate. Nevertheless, adhesive bonds are maintained.
Polyelectrolytes are polymers having a multiplicity of ionizable groups. In solution, they dissociate into polyions (or macroions) and small ions of the opposite charge, known as counterions. The polyelectrolytes of interest in this book are those where the polyion is an anion and the counterions are cations. Some typical anionic polyelectrolytes are depicted in Figure 4.1. Of principal interest are the homopolymers of acrylic acid and its copolymers with e.g. itaconic and maleic acids. These are used in the zinc polycarboxylate cement of Smith (1968) and the glass–ionomer cement of Wilson & Kent (1971). More recently, Wilson & Ellis (1989) and Ellis & Wilson (1990) have described cements based on polyphosphonic acids.