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The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction: Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World
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- Thomas Li-Ping Tang, Toto Sutarso, Adebowale Akande, Michael W. Allen, Abdulgawi Salim Alzubaidi, Mahfooz A. Ansari, Fernando Arias-Galicia, Mark G. Borg, Luigina Canova, Brigitte Charles-Pauvers, Bor-Shiuan Cheng, Randy K. Chiu, Linzhi Du, Ilya Garber, Consuelo Garcia De La Torre, Rosario Correia Higgs, Abdul Hamid Safwat Ibrahim, Chin-Kang Jen, Ali Mahdi Kazem, Kilsun Kim, Vivien Kim Geok Lim, Roberto Luna-Arocas, Eva Malovics, Anna Maria Manganelli, Alice S. Moreira, Anthony Ugochukwu Obiajulu Nnedum, Johnsto E. Osagie, AAhad M. Osman-Gani, Francisco Costa Pereira, Ruja Pholsward, Horia D. Pitariu, Marko Polic, Elisaveta Sardzoska, Petar Skobic, Allen F. Stembridge, Theresa Li-Na Tang, Thompson Sian Hin Teo, Marco Tombolani, Martina Trontelj, Caroline Urbain, Peter Vlerick, translated by 汤立平, translated by 郑伯垠, translated by 赵其琨, translated by 杜林致, translated by 任金﨓, translated by 林金玉, translated by 汤张面娜, translated by 赵善兴
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- Journal:
- Management and Organization Review / Volume 2 / Issue 3 / November 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 February 2015, pp. 423-452
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Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross-cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.
10 - Botswana
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- By Adebowale Akande, The Institute of Research and Consultancy, Rhosgift, South Africa, Bolanle Adetoun, CESDEG, Rhosgift, South Africa, Johnsto Osagie, FAMU, Rhosgift, South Africa
- Edited by James Georgas, University of Athens, Greece, John W. Berry, Queen's University, Ontario, Fons J. R. van de Vijver, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, The Netherlands, Çigdem Kagitçibasi, Koç University, Istanbul, Ype H. Poortinga, Universiteit van Tilburg, The Netherlands
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- Book:
- Families Across Cultures
- Published online:
- 10 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 August 2006, pp 251-258
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Summary
A HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF BOTSWANA
Botswana was formerly called Bechuanaland protectorate: At independence, it had hardly anything in terms of either infrastructural development or human resources development; in fact, it was classified as one of the 25 poorest countries in the world. It received self-governance from Britain in 1965 and on September 30, 1966, Botswana became independent. Botswana is the oldest democracy on the continent of Africa. The Basarwa are the earliest inhabitants of Botswana. Much of their earlier history and culture is recorded in rock paintings, folk tales, and songs. Their proper name is San meaning “person,” but they are commonly known by the derogatory name “Bushmen.” The San were later followed by the Tswana. Botswana has 1,643,000 inhabitants. The ethnic groups include Tswana (Setswana, 79 percent, Kalanga (11 percent, Basarwa (3 percent), and others including Kgalagadi and white (7 percent). The term for the nationals, Batswana, refers to the country's people rather than the ethnic group or origin. Setswana is the national language. Gaborone is its capital.
THE ECOLOGICAL FEATURES
Botswana has a semi-arid, warm climate, generally conducive to good health. Botswana, a landlocked country in southern Africa, is large (582,000 km2) relative to its population of fewer than 2 million. Eighty-seven percent of the population lives in the eastern part of the nation, where the average annual rainfall is about 550 mm, sufficient for both arable and livestock agriculture (Setiloane, 1975).