4 results
Emergency Medical Services Response to a Major Freeway Bridge Collapse
- John L. Hick, Jeffrey D. Ho, William G. Heegaard, Douglas D. Brunette, Anne Lapine, Tom Ward, Joseph E. Clinton
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / September 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2013, pp. S17-S24
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Background: The Interstate 35W Bridge in Minneapolis collapsed into the Mississippi River on August 1, 2007, killing 13 people and injuring 127.
Methods: This article describes the emergency medical services response to this incident.
Results/Discussion: Complexities of the event included difficult patient access, multiple sectors of operation, and multiple mutual-aid agencies. Patient evacuation and transportation was rapid, with the collapse zone cleared of victims 95 minutes after the initial 9-1-1 call. A common regional emergency medical service incident management plan that was exercised was critical to the success of the response.
Conclusions: Communication and patient tracking difficulties could be improved in future responses. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2(Suppl 1):S17–S24)
Hospital Response to a Major Freeway Bridge Collapse
- John L. Hick, Jeffery Chipman, Gregory Loppnow, Marc Conterato, David Roberts, William G. Heegaard, Greg Beilman, Michael Clark, Jonathan Pohland, Jeffrey D. Ho, Douglas D. Brunette, Joseph E. Clinton
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / September 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2013, pp. S11-S16
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Background: We describe the hospital system response to the Interstate 35W bridge collapse in Minneapolis into the Mississippi River on August 1, 2007, which resulted in 13 deaths and 127 injuries. Comparative analysis of response activities at the 3 hospitals that received critical or serious casualties is provided.
Methods: First-hand experiences of hospital physicians, issues identified in after-action reports, injury severity scores, and other relevant patient data were collected from the 3 hospitals that received seriously injured patients, including the closest hospitals to the collapse on each side of the river.
Results/Discussion: Injuries were consistent with major acceleration/deceleration force injuries. The most critical patients arrived first at each hospital, suggesting appropriate prehospital triage. Capacity of the health care system was not overwhelmed and the involved hospitals generally reported an overresponse by staff. Communication and patient tracking problems occurred at all of the hospitals. Situational awareness was limited due to the scope of structural collapse and incomplete information from the scene.
Conclusions: Hospitals were generally satisfied with their surge capacity and incident management plan activation. Issues such as communications, patient tracking, and staff overreporting that have been identified in past incidents also were problematic in this event. Hospitals will need to address deficiencies and build on successful actions to cope with future, potentially larger incidents. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2(Suppl 1):S11–S16)
Contributors
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- By Shamsuddin Akhtar, Greg Albert, Sidney Allison, Muhammad Anwar, Haruo Arita, Amanda Barker, Mary Hanna Bekhit, Jeanna Blitz, Tyson Bolinske, David Burbulys, Asokumar Buvanendran, Gregory Cain, Keith A. Candiotti, Daniel B. Carr, Derek Chalmers, John Charney, Rex Cheng, Roger Chou, Keun Sam Chung, Anna Clebone, Frederick Conlin, Susan Dabu-Bondoc, Tiffany Denepitiya-Balicki, Jeanette Derdemezi, Anahat Kaur Dhillon, Ho Dzung, Juan Jose Egas, Stephen M. Eskaros, Zhuang T. Fang, Claudia R. Fernandez Robles, Victor A. Filadora, Ellen Flanagan, Dan Froicu, Allison Gandey, Nehal Gatha, Boris Gelman, Christopher Gharibo, Muhammad K. Ghori, Brian Ginsberg, Michael E. Goldberg, Jeff Gudin, Thomas Halaszynski, Martin Hale, Dorothea Hall, Craig T. Hartrick, Justin Hata, Lars E. Helgeson, Joe C. Hong, Richard W. Hong, Balazs Horvath, Eric S. Hsu, Gabriel Jacobs, Jonathan S. Jahr, Rongjie Jaing, Inderjeet Singh Julka, Zeev N. Kain, Clinton Kakazu, Kianusch Kiai, Mary Keyes, Michael M. Kim, Peter G. Lacouture, Ryan Lanier, Vivian K. Lee, Mark J. Lema, Oscar A. de Leon-Casasola, Imanuel Lerman, Philip Levin, Steven Levin, JinLei Li, Eric C. Lin, Sharon Lin, David A. Lindley, Ana M. Lobo, Marisa Lomanto, Mirjana Lovrincevic, Brenda C. McClain, Tariq Malik, Jure Marijic, Joseph Marino, Laura Mechtler, Alan Miller, Carly Miller, Amit Mirchandani, Sukanya Mitra, Fleurise Montecillo, James M. Moore, Debra E. Morrison, Philip F. Morway, Carsten Nadjat-Haiem, Hamid Nourmand, Dana Oprea, Sunil J. Panchal, Edward J. Park, Kathleen Ji Park, Kellie Park, Parisa Partownavid, Akta Patel, Bijal Patel, Komal D. Patel, Neesa Patel, Swati Patel, Paul M. Peloso, Danielle Perret, Anthony DePlato, Marjorie Podraza Stiegler, Despina Psillides, Mamatha Punjala, Johan Raeder, Siamak Rahman, Aziz M. Razzuk, Maggy G. Riad, Kristin L. Richards, R. Todd Rinnier, Ian W. Rodger, Joseph Rosa, Abraham Rosenbaum, Alireza Sadoughi, Veena Salgar, Leslie Schechter, Michael Seneca, Yasser F. Shaheen, James H. Shull, Elizabeth Sinatra, Raymond S. Sinatra, Neil Singla, Neil Sinha, Denis V. Snegovskikh, Dmitri Souzdalnitski, Julie Sramcik, Zoreh Steffens, Alexander Timchenko, Vadim Tokhner, Marc C. Torjman, Co T. Truong, Nalini Vadivelu, Ashley Vaughn, Anjali Vira, Eugene R. Viscusi, Dajie Wang, Shu-ming Wang, J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford, Steven J. Weisman, Ira Whitten, Bryan S. Williams, Jeremy M. Wong, Thomas Wong, Christopher Wray, Yaw Wu, Anthony T. Yarussi, Laurie Yonemoto, Bita H. Zadeh, Jill Zafar, Martha Zegarra, Keren Ziv
- Edited by Raymond S. Sinatra, Jonathan S. Jahr, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford
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- Book:
- The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
- Print publication:
- 14 October 2010, pp xi-xviii
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2 - Transition dynamics and trade policy reform in developing countries
- Edited by Richard E. Baldwin, Joseph F. Francois, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
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- Book:
- Dynamic Issues in Commercial Policy Analysis
- Published online:
- 13 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 06 May 1999, pp 14-43
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Summary
Introduction
There is now a sizeable theoretical literature linking international trade with endogenous growth. This literature attempts to provide formal mechanisms for the interplay between trade policies and income growth, without recourse to exogenous assumptions regarding the sources of growth. The empirical foundations for believing in such a linkage seem compelling, with numerous studies reporting a positive correlation between an ‘open’ trade regime and growth. However, although there appears to be a positive linkage between openness and growth, and although this linkage seems to work indirectly through investment (see, e.g., Levine and Renelt (1992) and Baldwin and Seghezza (1996)), the results of the cross-country literature do not offer strong evidence of an endogenous growth mechanism at play. Endogenous growth models predict permanent growth effects following policy regime changes, the existence of which cannot be detected through standard cross-country correlation analysis. Moreover, the recent studies that test directly for the implications of endogenous growth models have so far failed to establish anything but a transitory impact from policy reforms on growth rates (see Jones (1995)).
In parallel with the development of the new endogenous growth theory, some authors have gone back to take a second look at classical growth theory, associated foremost with Solow (1956). They have found that an augmented version of the Solow growth model that includes accumulation of human capital as well as physical capital provides a surprisingly good description of the cross-country data.
For example, Mankiw, Romer, and Weil (1992) have found evidence of ‘conditional convergence’, that is, convergence in income per capita across countries controlling for differences in savings rates, human capital, population growth, and other variables that predestine countries for different steady-state incomes.