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23 - Criminality in XYY and XXY Men
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- By Herman A. Witkin, University of Southern California, Sarnoff A. Mednick, University of Southern California, Fini Schulsinger, University of Southern California, Eskild Bakkestrøm, University of Southern California, Karl O. Christiansen, University of Southern California, Donald R. Goodenough, University of Southern California, Kurt Hirschhorn, University of Southern California, Claes Lundsteen, University of Southern California, David R. Owen, University of Southern California, John Philip, University of Southern California, Martha Stocking, University of Southern California
- Donald B. Rubin, Harvard University, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Matched Sampling for Causal Effects
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 04 September 2006, pp 385-401
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Summary
Few issues in behavior genetics have received more public and scientific attention than that given to the possible role of an extra Y chromosome in human aggression. Soon after the literature began to suggest an elevated frequency of the XYY genotype among inmates of institutions for criminals and delinquents, interest in this issue had a meteoric rise; and it has been sustained ever since. This happened for several reasons. Stories about a few men who had or were presumed to have an extra Y chromosome and who had committed serious crimes were given prominent attention in the press, suggesting the intriguing idea that the single Y chromosome normally found in males contributes to “aggressive tendencies” in that sex and that an extra Y carries these tendencies beyond their usual bounds. Reports of antisocial behavior in XYY men, often based on a single case, soon began to appear in the scientific literature and were taken as evidence of an XYY-aggression linkage. The serious moral and legal implications of such a linkage attracted the interest of social scientists and legal groups to the XYY phenomenon (Shah, 1970), and students of genetics and psychology saw in it, as Lederberg (1973) has said, “one of the most tangible leads for connecting genetic constitution with behavior in man.”
A number of studies have supported the earlier finding of an elevated frequency of cases with an XYY complement among men in institutions, particularly in penal-mental institutions.
Crime in a Danish Twin Population
- Karl O. Christiansen
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- Journal:
- Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae / Volume 19 / Issue 1-2 / April 1970
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2014, pp. 323-326
- Print publication:
- April 1970
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- Article
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The results of the small number of existing investigations of criminality among twins have mostly been considered as contributions to the discussion of the relative importance of heredity and environment. I attempt to look at the problem in a slightly different context, but find it useful to give a brief summary of the older investigations. The results of previous studies utilizing the twin method to throw light on the problem of crime appear from Tab. I.
I am sure you will remember Lange's conclusion from 1929: “ As far as crime is concerned, MZ twins on the whole react in a definitely similar manner, DZ twins behave quite differently. In accordance with the significance of the twin method we must conclude that innate tendencies play a preponderant part among the causes of crime”.
There is one fundamental assumption behind the conclusions about the heredity of criminal behaviour, which is not fulfilled. The environment of each of the two twins in a pair must be equally similar or equally different, irrespective of zygosity. However, the milieus of the cotwins in a DZ pair are in fact more different than in a MZ one.
The Danish study is carried out in cooperation with the Danish Twin Register (Harvald and Hauge, 1965). The material consists of data about nearly 6000 pairs of twins, i. e., all twins born on the Danish islands in 1881-1910, where both twins have survived to the age of at least 15 years. The source material may be considered complete. About 900 pairs have been entered into the Central Police Register and/or into the local penal registers.