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Chapter 5 - Operationalization of Information Security through Compliance with Directive 2016/680 in Law Enforcement Technology and Practice
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- By Thomas Marquenie, University of Leuven in 2015 and specialised in Criminal, International and European Law., Katherine Quezada, MAGNETO project within CiTiP.
- Edited by Anton Vedder, Jessica Schroers, Charlotte Ducuing, Peggy Valcke
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- Book:
- Security and Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 23 January 2020
- Print publication:
- 01 October 2019, pp 97-128
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- Chapter
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Information and communication technologies are cornerstones of modern society. Automated computer processes and the continuous collection, analysis and creation of data are staples of each current industry, service and sector. As data analytics are now vital in both the public and private sphere, securing confidential and valuable information remains a key goal of computer science. To this end, the concept of information security revolves around the identification and implementation of concrete safeguards based on the three fundamental tenets of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. While these principles are generally accepted in the field of computer science, they do not constitute universal or legally binding conditions. The current EU legal framework on cybersecurity does not impose general or specific obligations on developers of information technologies for private or public actors. Still, as the undue disclosure or processing of confidential information can have serious consequences, the EU legislator recently finalized its data protection reforms to further safeguard personal data. In addition to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the reforms also consist of a Law Enforcement Directive (DPLE) for the purpose of regulating the collection, processing and storage of personal information in the context of policing.
As innovative technologies are rapidly adopted by law enforcement agencies to detect, investigate and prevent crime, the negative impact of security breaches can significantly affect the safety and integrity of citizens and police practices. It is in light of these developments that this chapter seeks to assess whether compliance with the recent European legislation on data protection may support the realization of fundamental principles of information security in a law enforcement context. To this end, it provides an outline of the principles of information security followed by an overview of the current legal framework on cybersecurity and data protection in the EU. The differences and similarities between information security and data protection are examined in order to determine to what extent law enforcement technology and practice could rely on the applicable data protection legislation to ensure sufficiently high standards of information security. Finally, to illustrate how the concrete implementation of security requirements in data protection might actually support the accomplishment of high standards of information security in practice, the chapter concludes with a brief assessment of security protocols applied in two law enforcement systems developed in the framework of European research projects.
The importance of small for gestational age in the risk assessment of infants with critical congenital heart disease
- Anthony A. Sochet, Mark Ayers, Emilio Quezada, Katherine Braley, Jennifer Leshko, Ernest K. Amankwah, James A. Quintessenza, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, Gul Dadlani
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 23 / Issue 6 / December 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 January 2014, pp. 896-904
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- Article
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Background
Infants with critical congenital heart disease who require cardiothoracic surgical intervention may have significant post-operative mortality and morbidity. Infants who are small for gestational age <10th percentile with foetal growth restriction may have end-organ dysfunction that may predispose them to increased morbidity or mortality.
MethodsA single-institution retrospective review was performed in 230 infants with congenital heart disease who had cardiothoracic surgical intervention <60 days of age. Pre-, peri-, and post-operative morbidity and mortality markers were collected along with demographics and anthropometric measurements.
ResultsThere were 230 infants, 57 (23.3%) small for gestational age and 173 (70.6%) appropriate for gestational age. No significant difference was noted in pre-operative markers – gestational age, age at surgery, corrected gestational age, Society for Thoracic Surgeons and European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery mortality score; or post-operative factors – length of stay, ventilation days, arrhythmias, need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, vocal cord dysfunction, hearing loss; or end-organ dysfunction – gastro-intestinal, renal, central nervous system, or genetic. Small for gestational age infants were more likely to have failed vision tests (p = 0.006). Small for gestational age infants were more likely to have increased 30-day (p = 0.005) and discharge mortality (p = 0.035). Small for gestational age infants with normal birth weight (>2500 g) were also at increased risk of 30-day mortality compared with appropriate for gestational age infants (p = 0.045).
ConclusionsSmall for gestational age infants with congenital heart disease who undergo cardiothoracic surgery <60 days of age have increased risk of mortality and failed vision screening. Assessment of foetal growth restriction as part of routine pre-operative screening may be beneficial.