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EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF CHLORPYRIFOS AND CYPERMETHRIN ON MORTALITY OF CORN EARWORM AND FALL ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE
- L.D. Chandler, J.L. Robertson, H.K. Preisler
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 127 / Issue 1 / February 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 25-32
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Mixtures of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were tested against 1-day-old larvae of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to determine the type of joint action involved in insect mortality. Statistical analyses indicated that mixtures of both insecticides interacted additively in both species. Chlorpyrifos alone was not as effective against larvae of fall armyworm as it was against larvae of corn earworm. No apparent differences in toxicity between the two species were observed with cypermethrin.
Chapter 22 - Forages
- Edited by Dominic Fuccillo, University of Arkansas, Linda Sears, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Paul Stapleton, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome
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- Biodiversity in Trust
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- 22 September 2009
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- 28 August 1997, pp 321-348
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Summary
Forages are usually associated with grasslands, but they also occur and are used widely on roadsides, in fallow areas, and as crop residues. In temperate areas livestock is grazed on domesticated forages. In the tropics livestock use native grasslands (Africa, Australia), naturalized grasslands (tropical America, Asia), or grasslands improved with selected wild species (tropical America). The worldwide exchange of forage germplasm has involved relatively few accessions of some widely adapted species, and the need exists to increase the diversity of these cultivated forages.
BOTANY AND DISTRIBUTION
Forages comprise different species, mostly from the Gramineae and Leguminosae families. Forages that have been domesticated and cultivated since historical times include lucerne (Medicago saliva L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (Mannetje et al. 1980). Others have been cultivated more recently, such as white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. sensu lato), ryegrasses (Lolium), Festuca and Phalaris. Wild species have been distributed and used widely: 40 million ha of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf in South America (Miles et al. 1996) and about 1 million ha of Stylosanthes species in Australia.
A great number of families, genera and species can be considered as forage and it is not practical to give botanical details of every species, including synonyms. Vernacular names of forage species have been documented (Mejía 1984; Skerman et al. 1988; Skerman and Riveros 1989; Wiersema et al. 1990; Mannetje and Jones 1992; Barnes et al. 1995; Brako et al. 1995).
Chapter 8 - Chickpea
- Edited by Dominic Fuccillo, University of Arkansas, Linda Sears, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Paul Stapleton, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome
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- Biodiversity in Trust
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- 22 September 2009
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- 28 August 1997, pp 100-113
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Summary
Cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a diploid, self-pollinated, leguminous crop that ranks second in area and third in production among the pulses. It is cultivated primarily for its protein-rich seed, and the plant is an efficient symbiotic nitrogen-fixer, playing an important role in farming systems. Two types of chickpea are grown: desi, with angular and coloured seeds, primarily grown in South Asia; and kabuli, with large, owl-head shape and beige-coloured seeds, grown in the Mediterranean region. Germplasm is maintained at ICRISAT (Patancheru: 18°N, 78°E) and ICARDA (Tel Hadya: 35°5′N, 36°55′E). Before 1970, wild Cicer species were scarce, but a number of annual species accessions are now available.
BOTANY AND DISTRIBUTION
The name Cicer is of Latin origin and probably derives from the pre-Indo German kichere in the Pelagian language of the tribes populating north Greece before Greek-speaking tribes took over. Chickpea belongs to subfamily Papilionoideae, tribe Viceae Alef, but its position is sufficiently distinct to consider the Cicer genus a tribe of its own, the Cicereae Alef. (Kupicha 1977). Van der Maesen (1987) dealt with this genus in detail and listed 43 species, including 34 wild perennial species, 8 wild annual and the cultivated annual, C. arietinum. The study on chromosome count in Cicer species has been limited because of rare availability of living materials.
Chapter 13 - Faba Bean
- Edited by Dominic Fuccillo, University of Arkansas, Linda Sears, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Paul Stapleton, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome
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- Biodiversity in Trust
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- 22 September 2009
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- 28 August 1997, pp 168-180
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Summary
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an Old World legume that has been called 'poor man's meat'. China and Ethiopia are the major producers, but it also is cultivated in the Mediterranean region, northern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. Faba beans introduced to South America are mostly grown at higher elevations instead of Phaseolus beans. Australia has dramatically increased the area planted to faba bean in the past decade.
BOTANY AND DISTRIBUTION
The genus Vicia belongs to the order Rosales, suborder Rosinae, family Leguminosae and subfamily Papilionaceae and is in the tribe Vicieae (Kupicha 1981). Vicia faba is in the subgenus Vicia and section Faba.
Muratova (1931) subdivided V. faba into two subspecies: paucijuga and eu-fabae. Maxted (1993) placed V. faba in the monospecific section Faba (Miller) Ledeb. and contributed the following infraspecific classification:
V. faba subsp. faba L.
V. faba subsp. faba var. minor Beck
V. faba subsp. faba var. equina Pers.
V. faba subsp. faba var. faba L.
V. faba subsp. paucijuga Murat.
The crop is known by many names in the English language: faba bean, broadbean, field bean, tick bean, horse bean. The common names of faba bean in different countries are: foul, Arabic; haba, Spanish; feve, feverole, French; chechevitza, Russian; zeindo, Chinese.
The varieties major (large-seeded), minor (small-seeded) and equina (intermediate seed size) are also used. Field beans are usually of the minor (tick beans) and equina (horse bean) types.
Chapter 10 - Lentil
- Edited by Dominic Fuccillo, University of Arkansas, Linda Sears, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Paul Stapleton, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome
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- Biodiversity in Trust
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- 22 September 2009
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- 28 August 1997, pp 128-138
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Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is a dietary mainstay and one of the principal pulse crops in the drier regions of the Middle East, North Africa and the Indian subcontinent. The seed provides an important source of protein to people of these regions, where lentil straw is valued for animal production. Lentil is grown to a lesser extent in southern Europe and the Americas, and as a field legume it is usually grown in rotation with cereals. The major factor in the domestication of lentil has been selection pressure for an appropriate phenology (Erskine et al. 1989). This force still drives the ICARDA breeding strategy. Most accessions of lentil in the ICARDA collection came from the West Asia and North Africe (WANA) region, which is the centre of origin and primary diversity (Zohary and Hopf 1988). The strategy has led to the successful use of landraces from the collection for direct release as cultivars for the WANA region and beyond. Separate programmes target improvements for the diverse environments in which lentil is grown in the developing world.
BOTANY AND DISTRIBUTION
Lentil is derived from the genus Lens, which describes the shape of the cultivated lentil seed. The genus Lens Miller belongs to the order Rosales, suborder Rosinae, family Leguminosae and subfamily Papilionaceae, in the tribe Vicieae (Kupicha 1981). Lens is characterized by small-flowered, low annual herbs. Cultivated lentil is a slender, pilose annual, 20–40 cm tall, long-day plant. All species in the genus are diploid with 2n=14 and have similar karyotypes.