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43 - Applications of Proteomics to Metastasis Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy
- from PART II - CLINICAL RESEARCH
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- By Mariaelena Pierobon, George Mason University, United States, Alessandra Luchini, George Mason University, United States, Alessandra Silvestri, George Mason University, United States, Virginia Espina, George Mason University, United States, Emanuel F. Petricoin, George Mason University, United States, Lance A. Liotta, George Mason University, United States
- Edited by David Lyden, Danny R. Welch, Bethan Psaila
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- Book:
- Cancer Metastasis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 25 April 2011, pp 475-485
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Summary
APPLICATION OF PROTEOMICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY TO CANCER BIOMARKER DISCOVERY: CLINICAL NEED VERSUS PHYSIOLOGIC ROADBLOCKS
Proteomics Has Potential to Address Need for Specific Cancer Biomarkers
Cancer is too often diagnosed and treated too late, when the tumor cells have already invaded and metastasized. At this stage, therapeutic modalities are limited in their success. Detecting cancers at their earliest stages, even in the premalignant state, means that current or future treatment modalities might have a higher likelihood of a true cure. For example, ovarian cancer is usually treated at an advanced stage. The resulting five-year survival rate is 35 percent to 40 percent for patients with late-stage disease who receive the best possible surgical and chemotherapeutic intervention. In contrast, if ovarian cancer is detected at an early stage, conventional therapy produces a high rate of five-year survival (95%) [1]. Thus, early detection, by itself, could have a profound effect on the successful treatment of this disease. A clinically useful biomarker for early cancer detection should be measurable in a readily accessible body fluid, such as serum [2], urine [3], or saliva [4]. Clinical proteomic methods are especially well suited to discovering such biomarkers [5]. Serum or plasma has been the preferred medium for discovery, because this fluid is a protein-rich information reservoir that contains the traces of what has been encountered by the blood during its constant perfusion and percolation throughout the tissues [6].
15 - Novel Technologies in Studying Chronic Liver Disease
- Edited by Zobair M. Younossi
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- Book:
- Practical Management of Liver Diseases
- Published online:
- 08 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 June 2008, pp 256-276
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Summary
BACKGROUND
A “high-throughput revolution,” unfolding in modern clinical science, has led to a significant increase in knowledge describing genome, transcriptome, and proteome in complex human diseases, including chronic liver diseases.
Genome-based methods of the assessment of the cellular functioning highlight the differences between individuals known as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are a DNA sequence variations of a single nucleotide – A, T, C, or G – that are commonly present in a healthy human population. For example, two sequenced DNA fragments from different individuals, AATCCCTA and AATGCCTA, contain a difference in a single nucleotide. In this case, we usually say that there are two SNP alleles: C and G. SNPs may fall within coding sequences of genes or their noncoding, regulatory regions. SNPs that are not in protein coding regions may still have consequences for the alternative splicing of the mRNA, for the transcription factor binding to the promoter, or to the annealing of the gene-regulating noncoding RNA. Often, noncoding SNPs lead to the alterations in the cellular levels of the mRNA encoded for the particular protein, and, consequently, to the changes in the protein concentrations. As the concentrations of the proteins differ between individuals, humans differ in their degree of predisposition to various chronic diseases, including chronic liver diseases (CLD).
Transcriptomics and proteomics methods of cellular function assessment aim at the collection of the molecular “snapshots” reflecting relative levels of the mRNAs (transcriptome) or proteins (proteome) in the particular human tissues.