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3 - Colour Under the Microscope: Santiago Ramón y Cajal Does ‘Histology’ on Lippmann Heliochromes
- Edited by Hanin Hannouch
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- Book:
- Gabriel Lippmann's Colour Photography
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 16 November 2022
- Print publication:
- 13 June 2022, pp 91-112
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Summary
Abstract
This paper highlights Gabriel Lippmann's discovery of colour photography and the microscopic analyses performed upon the photographs by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), professor of anatomy and histology in Madrid, acknowledged “father of modern neuroscience”, and avid photographer, in a historic and a modern perspective. Cajal placed sections of Lippmann photographs under the microscope to study the structure of their materiality. He focused on the laminae of Zenker, which produced mixed colours, especially white. His technical studies culminated in a 1908 article in the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and in his subsequent Spanish classic monograph, Photography in Colours, expounding upon the theoretical physicochemical principles and practical applications of the “art of Daguerre.” The authors thus explore Lippmann's reception in Spain.
Keywords: Santiago Ramón y Cajal, interferential colour photography, Gabriel Lippmann, histology, microscopy
Had the versatile Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) not been absorbed by the celebrated research career that led to the elucidation of the microscopic structure of the nervous system and secured him the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, he might have established the first successful film manufacturing industry of Spain. In his Recollections (Ramón Cajal 1988), Cajal confesses his long-standing devotion to the art of Daguerre. He recounts the circumstances under which he was concomitantly initiated as a teenager to both anatomy and photography in 1868. At the age of twenty-seven, he was an early visionary of instant photography and had successfully cultivated the art to the point of producing ultra-rapid gelatin-bromide plates of his own formulation, aided by his wife and laboratory assistant Silveria Fañanás (1854–1930).
Cajal was convinced that a clear understanding of the theory is half of the pleasure of photography, the other half being the practical remedy of failures of each photographic operation (Ramón Cajal 1988). As a means of recreation and relief from his neurobiological work, Cajal engaged in studies on theoretical and practical issues of photography (Ramón Cajal 1906b, 1907a, 1907c); he published his results in the official journal of the Royal Photographic Society of Madrid (Ramón Cajal 1903, 1904, 1906a, 1907b). These endeavours culminated in a voluminous technical monograph on colour photography (Ramón Cajal 1912), one of the early pioneering works on the fundamental physical and chemical principles behind this particular application of science.
24 - Cerebellar grafts
- from PART VI - ADVANCES IN GRAFTS
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- By Lazaros C. Triarhou, Formerly, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
- Edited by Mario-Ubaldo Manto, University of Brussels, Massimo Pandolfo, Université de Montréal
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- Book:
- The Cerebellum and its Disorders
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 15 November 2001, pp 369-384
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Summary
Introduction
The complex organization of the adult cerebellar network is a product of precisely timed and spatially coordinated developmental events (Miale and Sidman, 1961; Fujita, 1967; Larramendi, 1969; Altman, 1982; Goffinet, 1983; Altman and Bayer, 1985a,1985b). Cerebellar Purkinje cells are generated in the cerebellar primordium around embryonic day (E) 12 and migrate to the surface before birth in the mouse (Miale and Sidman, 1961). Around postnatal day (P) 3, Purkinje cells start to disperse in a monolayer and soon afterwards they receive synaptic contacts from afferent axons. The advent of the interaction with migrating granule cells accelerates a profuse synaptogenesis with Purkinje cell dendrites, which grow into the characteristic Purkinje dendritic trees by P12 (Larramendi, 1969; Altman, 1982). Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei are generated about a day before Purkinje cells, Golgi cells toward the end of gestation, whereas stellate and basket cells are produced during the first postnatal week, and granule cells during the first two weeks of postnatal life (Miale and Sidman, 1961; Fujita, 1967; Altman, 1982).
Normally, only Purkinje cells project axons outside the cerebellar cortex toward the deep cerebellar nuclei (Eccles et al., 1967; Ito, 1984). All of the remaining cortical neurons are interneurons, functioning to modulate Purkinje cell activity. Purkinje cells are also modulated by afferent olivocerebellar climbing fibers (see also Chapter 2). Mossy fibers indirectly affect Purkinje cell activity through the mediation of the granule cell parallel fibers, which establish synapses on Purkinje dendrites. The axons of the deep nuclei neurons transmit impulses outside the cerebellum, toward postcerebellar targets that include the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, the red nucleus, and the vestibular nuclei (Thach et al., 1992).