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15 - Social comparisons across cultures II: Change and stability in self-views – experimental evidence
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- By S. Guimond, Professor of Psychology Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand France, A. Chatard, Université de Genève Genève Switzerland, N. R. Branscombe, Department of Psychology University of Kansas USA, S. Brunot, Département de Psychologie Université Rennes 2 France, A. P. Buunk, Unit of Social and Organisational Psychology University of Groningen Netherlands, M. A. Conway, Institute of Psychological Sciences The University of Leeds England, R. J. Crisp, School of Psychology The University of Birmingham England, M. Dambrun, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (CNRS) Université Blaise Pascal France, M. Désert, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (CNRS) Université Blaise Pascal France, D. M. Garcia, Department of Psychology University of Kansas USA, S. Haque, Department of Psychology International Islamic University Malaysia Malaysia, J.-P. Leyens, Catholic University of Louvain Department of Psychology Belgium, F. Lorenzi-Cioldi, Université de Genève, FPSE Genève Switzerland, D. Martinot, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (CNRS) Université Blaise Pascal France, S. Redersdorff, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (CNRS) Université Blaise Pascal France, V. Yzerbyt, Catholic University of Louvain Department of Psychology Belgium
- Edited by Serge Guimond, Université de Clermont-Ferrand II (Université Blaise Pascal), France
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- Book:
- Social Comparison and Social Psychology
- Published online:
- 27 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 15 December 2005, pp 318-344
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Summary
This chapter reports on the results of a cross-cultural study of the effects of social comparison on self-construal among eight nations/cultures. It follows a previous report on five of these cultures (Guimond, Branscombe, Brunot, Buunk, Chatard, Désert, Garcia, Haque, Martinot, and Yzerbyt, 2005) and is linked to the previous chapter outlining some findings of the study in terms of gender stereotyping.
Past research and the specific contributions found in this volume indicate that social comparison processes are involved in many different attitudes and social behaviors. At the most general level, social comparison is a fundamental process by which knowledge is acquired. Indeed, most social psychologists would agree that social comparison is perhaps first and foremost critical for the creation of self-knowledge. To know who we are, we compare ourselves with others, or with ourselves in the past (see Part One, this volume). Some major developments in personality and social psychology have occurred by studying the self across cultures (see Berry, Poortinga, Segall, and Dasen, 1992; Markus and Kitayama, 1991; Shweder and Bourne, 1984; Triandis, 1989; see also Lorenzi-Cioldi and Chatard, this volume). For example, in their influential paper, Markus and Kitayama (1991) reviewed evidence suggesting that the self is defined in fundamentally different ways in western as opposed to eastern cultures. The western conception of self, and for several decades the only conception as far as social and personality psychologists were concerned, is that of an individual who is separate, autonomous, and composed of a set of discrete traits, abilities, and motives.
9 - The counter-intuitive effect of relative gratification on intergroup attitudes: ecological validity, moderators and mediators
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- By Michaël Dambrun, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand France, Serge Guimond, Professor of Psychology Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand France, Donald M. Taylor, Department of Psychology, McGill University Montreal, Québec Canada
- Edited by Serge Guimond, Université de Clermont-Ferrand II (Université Blaise Pascal), France
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- Book:
- Social Comparison and Social Psychology
- Published online:
- 27 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 15 December 2005, pp 206-227
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Summary
After five decades of research revealing that relative deprivation (RD) is a central variable in the explanation of intergroup prejudice, recent research suggests that the opposite of RD, the relatively ignored relative gratification (RG), is also an important determinant of prejudice. This chapter summarizes both recent studies and current development in this line of research. After presenting several experiments that test the respective effects of both RD and RG on intergroup attitudes, we address the question of the ecological validity of the RG effect. By looking at South African data, we show that the effect of RG on prejudice is not merely a laboratory artefact, nor is it limited to the French intergroup context. Finally, in the last part, we focus more directly on the “understanding” dimension by testing both moderators and mediators of the RG effect.
Understanding intergroup conflict and the factors that contribute to stereotyping and prejudice is a fundamental problem that has attracted the attention of social psychologists for many years. This chapter examines a new theoretical perspective in the explanation of prejudice. This perspective suggests that Relative Gratification (RG), the complete opposite of Relative Deprivation (RD), is a powerful determinant of various forms of negative or hostile intergroup attitudes. In common with relative deprivation theory (Walker and Smith, 2002), social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1986), Equity Theory (Walster, Walster, and Berscheid 1978), and the five-stage model of intergroup relations (Taylor and McKirnan, 1984), this new perspective based on RG shares the assumption that social comparison processes are fundamental to an understanding of intergroup conflict (see Taylor and Moghaddam, 1994 for an overview of these theories).