2 results
Milking regimes to shorten milking duration
- Timothy Clarke, Elaine M Cuthbertson, Robert K Greenall, Murray C Hannah, Ellen Jongman, David Shoesmith
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 71 / Issue 4 / November 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 November 2004, pp. 419-426
- Print publication:
- November 2004
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- Article
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Four milking regimes using automatic cluster removers (ACR) were tested over a 19-week period, from mid to late lactation. Each treatment group consisted of 16 slow-milking cows. The milking regimes used were: an ACR setting of 200 ml/min (Control); raised ACR setting from 200 to 500 in steps of 100 ml/min (Raised ACR); raised ACR as above in conjunction with pre-milking teat stimulation (Raised ACR+Stim); and terminating the milking when an ACR threshold of 200 ml/min was reached or when a predetermined maximum milking duration was reached (Timer). All incremental treatments were applied in blocks of 6 or 7 weeks duration. ACR thresholds were raised from 200 to 500 ml/min without observed loss of milk production when compared with controls. However, even up to an ACR setting of 500 ml/min there was little reduction in the group milking duration even when used with teat stimulation. In contrast, the Timer treatment resulted in a 34% reduction of the maximum milking duration for the group without significant loss of milk yield. For all groups, including Control, strip yield was occasionally very high and highly variable. Willingness of cows to enter the milking platform, behaviour during milking, teat condition and incidence of mastitis were similar for all treatment groups. The results indicated that simple truncation of milking at a predetermined maximum duration could be a most potent and inexpensive method of milking a herd more quickly. Such a method could be employed by using a simple timer in any dairy regardless of the level of sophistication of the milking system.
Chapter 16 - Principles involved in the management and use of equipment
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- By M. Greenal, Fairfield Independent Hospital
- Edited by Ann Davey, Liverpool John Moores University, Colin S. Ince, Whiston Hospital, Prescott
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- Book:
- Fundamentals of Operating Department Practice
- Published online:
- 05 October 2015
- Print publication:
- 30 January 1999, pp 177-186
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The management of equipment in the operating department is a demanding task that should involve both the medical and non-medical members of the theatre team. If operating theatres are to be run in a safe and efficient manner, management structures must include the policies and protocols needed for the dayto- day management of equipment as well as long-term strategies.
Equipment is constantly introduced into hospitals for a variety of reasons, such as new equipment replacing that which is old and worn out, the development of new technology and, of course, the new devices that improve our working lives. Manufacturing companies may promote them as being more user friendly, time saving, cost efficient or safer but the theatre user must become familiar with all equipment and learn how to use it safely and wisely.
The introduction of equipment to a hospital is a complicated process and involves many different groups of people, i.e. the manufacturers, engineers, servicing departments, repair specialists, departments within the hospital and the individual user.
MANAGING THE USE OF EQUIPMENT
WHAT IS MEDICAL EQUIPMENT?
Medical equipment is equipment intended to diagnose, treat or monitor the patient under medical supervision and which makes physical contact with the patient or conveys energy to or receives energy from the patient. The type of protection that equipment provides against electric shock is classified as follows:
• Class 1 equipment relies on protective earthing mechanisms.
• Class 2 equipment relies on sturdy insulation.
• Internally powered equipment is classified separately.
DESIGN OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND THE MANAGEMENT OF RISK
Medical equipment must not only be safe to use but also inherently safe. Although this chapter primarily deals with the management and use of equipment, it is important to have a basic understanding of how medical equipment has evolved in terms of safety. When anaesthetic machines were first introduced, it was not possible to accurately control the concentration of anaesthetic vapour that the patient received and even today many anaesthetic machines are incapable of preventing the delivery of a hypoxic mixture of gases to the patient.