3 results
9 - “This Is Affordable!” The Role of Money Matters in the Use of Live-In Migrant Care Arrangements
- from Part II - Participation
- Edited by Tesseltje de Lange, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Willem Maas, York University, Toronto, Annette Schrauwen, Universiteit van Amsterdam
-
- Book:
- Money Matters in Migration
- Published online:
- 12 November 2021
- Print publication:
- 18 November 2021, pp 149-168
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Care arrangements in which live-in migrant carers care for older people in private households are a growing phenomenon in European countries. This chapter explores the role of money in the emergence and functioning of these arrangements. Comparing Germany and the Netherlands, it combines a governance approach and a coping strategies approach to shed light on the part played by money and financial considerations at different levels. The chapter examines first how laws and policies aimed at ensuring financial sustainability of long-term care systems have provided incentives for the employment of migrant carers in both countries. The emergence of live-in migrant carer arrangements may be an unintended effect of such policies, but policymakers may also tacitly accept the often semi-legal nature of these arrangements as it helps to solve care deficit problems at a low cost for the public budget. Second, the chapter examines the role of financial considerations in the decision-making processes of families making use of these arrangements. How are financial considerations balanced against the quality of the care and the quality of the migrant carers’ working conditions?
4 - The Case of the Netherlands
- Edited by Giovanna Zincone, Rinus Penninx, Maren Borkert
-
- Book:
- Migration Policymaking in Europe
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2021
- Print publication:
- 15 July 2012, pp 129-164
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
In the post-war period, the Netherlands regarded itself an ‘overpopulated’ country. Both public opinion and government documents explicitly stated that the Netherlands was not – and should not become – an immigration country (Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Volksgezondheid 1970). To the contrary, emigration was openly encouraged through government policies and, between 1946 and 1972, more than half a million Dutch citizens emigrated to countries such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Nevertheless, during that same period, the Netherlands did in fact become an immigration country. Migration statistics show that from the beginning of the 1960s, with the sole exception of the depression of 1967, the country's net migration balance was consistently positive until 2004, with immigrants arriving in different periods and for various reasons.
This chapter begins with an overview of migration waves to the Netherlands, provided more or less in chronological order. Following the introduction, the second section describes the evolution of Dutch immigration and integration policies over the years. The third section reconstructs the processes of immigration policymaking, while the fourth section deals with integration policymaking. The analysis considers the different processes, actors, levels and governance patterns that have influenced policies in each of these domains. The chapter's fifth section compares the dynamics of the immigration and integration fields, evaluating their interaction and, in so doing, identifying two types of factors that shape their dynamics. While the fourth section focuses on the internal mechanisms of migration and integration, the sixth section emphasises the role of various external factors such as the welfare state policies, the political framework and the political climate. Finally, the chapter concludes with a summary of the Dutch case's most salient characteristics.
The first migrants to arrive to the Netherlands were so-called repatriates who came from the Dutch East Indies, or what today are Indonesia and New Guinea. Their arrival was a consequence of the decolonisation process taking place in the former Dutch colonies. In total, this population was estimated to comprise approximately 300,000 individuals in the years spanning 1946 to 1962. Most repatriates were of mixed Indonesian-Dutch descent, being entitled to settle in the Netherlands on the grounds of their Dutch citizenship.
8 - The Case of Spain
- Edited by Giovanna Zincone, Rinus Penninx, Maren Borkert
-
- Book:
- Migration Policymaking in Europe
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2021
- Print publication:
- 15 July 2012, pp 291-324
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Foreign migration to Spain is relatively recent and so, consequently, are policies related to both immigration and the integration of immigrants. The first law dealing with these issues was the Ley de Extranjería, a law on the rights and freedoms of foreigners in Spain (from herein simply referred to as the Foreigners Law) that was enacted in 1985, just a year before Spain joined the European Communities. At that time, there were merely 250,000 legal foreign residents in the country (Watts 1998: 661). During the last two decades, however, immigration flows have swelled significantly to produce a completely new demographic situation. Today the nation hosts more than 4.5 million foreign residents, which represents about 10 per cent of the total population. This makes Spain one of the European Union's leading immigration countries. Spain's percentage of immigrants in relation to its total population has reached a level comparable to that of other North-Western European countries. Growth has been especially visible in certain regions such as Madrid, Catalonia, Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. This particular background makes the Spanish case an interesting one to contrast with other North-Western and Central European countries. A long-standing tradition of emigration that lasted up until just recently and the increasing momentum that immigration has gathered in two decades have geared Spanish policymaking to a starting point distinct from those that came before it.
Studying Spanish policymaking in these fields is not easy. Although there is a fast-growing body of scientific literature on Spanish immigration and the social processes of newcomers’ integration into Spanish society, little research has been systematically undertaken to examine the processes of how policies in these fields are made (Agrela Romero & Gil Araujo 2005; Carrillo & Delgado 1998; Casey 1998c; Lopez Sala 2005b; Morén Alegret 2005b; Ramos, Bazaga, Delgado & Del Pino 1998; Ramos & Bazaga 2002; Ruiz Vieytez 2003; Tamayo & Delgado 1998; Tamayo & Carrillo 2002; Zapata-Barrero 2002, 2003a; Kreienbrink 2008). Most literature on policy deals with the content of policies. Even works that specifically focus on the making of policies do not offer a comprehensive view: focus falls either solely on immigration or integration; merely one aspect of either field is analysed; or only a static description is given of relations between actors at a given moment in time.
![](/core/cambridge-core/public/images/lazy-loader.gif)