10 results
Larger putamen in individuals at risk and with manifest bipolar disorder
- Florian Thomas-Odenthal, Frederike Stein, Christoph Vogelbacher, Nina Alexander, Andreas Bechdolf, Felix Bermpohl, Kyra Bröckel, Katharina Brosch, Christoph U. Correll, Ulrika Evermann, Irina Falkenberg, Andreas Fallgatter, Kira Flinkenflügel, Dominik Grotegerd, Tim Hahn, Martin Hautzinger, Andreas Jansen, Georg Juckel, Axel Krug, Martin Lambert, Gregor Leicht, Karolina Leopold, Susanne Meinert, Pavol Mikolas, Christoph Mulert, Igor Nenadić, Julia-Katharina Pfarr, Andreas Reif, Kai Ringwald, Philipp Ritter, Thomas Stamm, Benjamin Straube, Lea Teutenberg, Katharina Thiel, Paula Usemann, Alexandra Winter, Adrian Wroblewski, Udo Dannlowski, Michael Bauer, Andrea Pfennig, Tilo Kircher
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 May 2024, pp. 1-11
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Background:
Individuals at risk for bipolar disorder (BD) have a wide range of genetic and non-genetic risk factors, like a positive family history of BD or (sub)threshold affective symptoms. Yet, it is unclear whether these individuals at risk and those diagnosed with BD share similar gray matter brain alterations.
Methods:In 410 male and female participants aged 17–35 years, we compared gray matter volume (3T MRI) between individuals at risk for BD (as assessed using the EPIbipolar scale; n = 208), patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of BD (n = 87), and healthy controls (n = 115) using voxel-based morphometry in SPM12/CAT12. We applied conjunction analyses to identify similarities in gray matter volume alterations in individuals at risk and BD patients, relative to healthy controls. We also performed exploratory whole-brain analyses to identify differences in gray matter volume among groups. ComBat was used to harmonize imaging data from seven sites.
Results:Both individuals at risk and BD patients showed larger volumes in the right putamen than healthy controls. Furthermore, individuals at risk had smaller volumes in the right inferior occipital gyrus, and BD patients had larger volumes in the left precuneus, compared to healthy controls. These findings were independent of course of illness (number of lifetime manic and depressive episodes, number of hospitalizations), comorbid diagnoses (major depressive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder), familial risk, current disease severity (global functioning, remission status), and current medication intake.
Conclusions:Our findings indicate that alterations in the right putamen might constitute a vulnerability marker for BD.
19 - A world beyond capitalism
- Edited by Anthony Morgan
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- Book:
- What Matters Most
- Published by:
- Agenda Publishing
- Published online:
- 23 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 18 May 2023, pp 173-184
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Summary
We all know that it is easier to imagine an end to the world than an end to capitalism. One of the most compelling and ambitious philosophical attempts to snap us out of the solidifying inertia of “capitalist realism” is Martin Hägglund's 2019 book This Life: Why Mortality Makes Us Free. In this conversation between Hägglund and Lea Ypi (the only in-person event transcript in this volume), Hägglund builds his argument from an analysis of our most basics needs as humans, and contends that Marx is in fact the strongest defender of key liberal/Enlightenment values such as liberty and equality, and that commitment to such values must inevitably lead us to a world beyond capitalism.
MARTIN HÄGGLUND is Birgit Baldwin Professor of Comparative Literature and Humanities at Yale University. A member of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, he is the author of four highly acclaimed books, and his work has been translated into eight languages.
LEA YPI is Professor in Political Theory in the Government Department at the London School of Economics. Her research interests include normative political theory, Enlightenment political thought and critical theory.
Lea Ypi (LY): I thought I would start by situating Marx, and Martin's reading of Marx, within a particular tradition and within the traditional way in which we think about that tradition. The tradition I have in mind is the Enlightenment and the Enlightenment conception of reason and free agency as something that unfolds in history, through which we reappropriate the world we inhabit, through which we are able to criticize foreign, alien instances like religion or natural circumstances. These are all familiar thoughts in the Enlightenment, carried forward in the Hegelian appropriation of the Enlightenment thinkers. The caricature understanding of Marx is that he was someone who had read the Enlightenment thinkers, who had read Hegel, who was very inspired by the German idealist tradition to which Hegel belonged, but that he was also a rebel, someone who was exposed to different traditions of thought, such as the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment and the British empiricists, and became more concerned with day-to-day questions like what we eat, how we reproduce ourselves, how we live in communities – the kinds of day-to-day questions that the German poet Bertolt Brecht captured nicely in his phrase, “Erst kommt das Fressen, dann kommt die Moral” (“First comes eating food, and then morality follows after”).
Classifying disequilibrium of small mountain glaciers from patterns of surface elevation change distributions
- Lea Hartl, Kay Helfricht, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Bernd Seiser, Andrea Fischer
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 68 / Issue 268 / April 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2021, pp. 253-268
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The overall trend of rapid retreat of Alpine glaciers contains considerable variability of responses at the scale of individual glaciers. As a step towards a regional assessment of glacier state that allows a detailed differentiation of single glaciers, we explore the potential of a self-organizing maps (SOM) algorithm to identify and cluster recurring patterns of thickness change at glaciers in western Austria. Using digital elevation models and glacier inventories for three time periods, we compute the frequency distribution of surface elevation change over the area of each glacier in the data set, for each period. The results of the SOM clustering show a distinct pattern shift over time: From 1969 to 1997, surface elevation change occurred at relatively uniform rates across a given glacier. Since 1997, the distribution of surface elevation change at individual glaciers has been far less uniform, indicating accelerated processes of disintegration. Tracking the evolution of individual glaciers throughout the time periods via the clusters highlights both the broader regional trend as well as glaciers that deviate from this trend, e.g. some very small, high elevation glaciers that have reverted to reduced and more uniform volume loss patterns.
10 - Scicurious as Method: Learning from GLAM Young People Living in a Pandemic About Cultivating Digital Co-Research-Creation Spaces that Ignite Curiosity and Creativity
- Edited by Helen Kara, Su-Ming Khoo, National University of Ireland, Galway
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- Book:
- Researching in the Age of COVID-19
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 23 March 2021
- Print publication:
- 23 October 2020, pp 102-111
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Summary
“What I love is how we managed to transition so swiftly from a study initially conceived to happen in-person, to digital and in solitude and – through the zines – in a way back to analogue. Meandering across platforms and techniques we still managed to generate heaps of data, discussion and reflection.”
(Niels Wouters in a co-research-creation team chat)Could COVID-19, this unexpected crisis, act as a comma in a co-research-creation project to become a breathing space and not a full stop? Maybe this pause is a colon: the two different periods of the project (and life in general) on either side of the pandemic, equally important and dependent on each other for full meaning. In this chapter, we tell the story of how a co-research-creation event (the Sci Curious Project) unfolded before and during the COVID-19 pandemic; the lead-up to its irruption (St. Pierre, 1997) and then what came after. ‘Scicurious as method’ emerged out of the unexpected pause and recalibration of the project; a method that emphasizes the creation of research spaces that activate scicuriosity in situated practice. We understand scicuriosity as emerging from collaborative research-creation events that ignite curiosity and creativity. Scicurious as method is presented through an encounter with speculative fiction and scicurious zine travels. Scicurious as method has significant ethical implications, these reify the potential of co-designed speculative inquiries with creativity and curiosity at their heart. This is, in part, due to its contingency on cultivating digital co-research-creation spaces that enfold rather than eschew the analogue and highlight the joyous potential of a deeply situated, co-designed speculative inquiry; an inquiry with galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAM) young people living in a pandemic.
About the research(ers)
We are an intergenerational co-research team from The University of Melbourne, Science Gallery Melbourne (SGM) and Science Gallery's Sci Curious advisory committee. Sci Curious are an advisory committee aged 14–25 that inform and shape the future of SGM exhibitions, public events and programmes. SGM is a new addition to the GLAM sector in Australia which shares Science Gallery International's mission to ignite curiosity where art and science collide (Gorman, 2010).
Home treatment for acute mental healthcare: randomised controlled trial
- Niklaus Stulz, Lea Wyder, Lienhard Maeck, Matthias Hilpert, Helmut Lerzer, Eduard Zander, Wolfram Kawohl, Martin grosse Holtforth, Ulrich Schnyder, Urs Hepp
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 216 / Issue 6 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 March 2019, pp. 323-330
- Print publication:
- June 2020
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Background
Home treatment has been proposed as an alternative to acute in-patient care for mentally ill patients. However, there is only moderate evidence in support of home treatment.
AimsTo test whether and to what degree home treatment services would enable a reduction (substitution) of hospital use.
MethodA total of 707 consecutively admitted adult patients with a broad spectrum of mental disorders (ICD-10: F2–F6, F8–F9, Z) experiencing crises that necessitated immediate admission to hospital, were randomly allocated to either a service model including a home treatment alternative to hospital care (experimental group) or a conventional service model that lacked a home treatment alternative to in-patient care (control group) (trial registration at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02322437).
ResultsThe mean number of hospital days per patient within 24 months after the index crisis necessitating hospital admission (primary outcome) was reduced by 30.4% (mean 41.3 v. 59.3, P<0.001) when a home treatment team was available (intention-to-treat analysis). Regarding secondary outcomes, average overall treatment duration (hospital days + home treatment days) per patient (mean 50.4 v. 59.3, P = 0.969) and mean number of hospital admissions per patient (mean 1.86 v. 1.93, P = 0.885) did not differ statistically significantly between the experimental and control groups within 24 months after the index crisis. There were no significant between-group differences regarding clinical and social outcomes (Health of the Nation Outcome Scales: mean 9.9 v. 9.7, P = 0.652) or patient satisfaction with care (Perception of Care questionnaire: mean 0.78 v. 0.80, P = 0.242).
ConclusionsHome treatment services can reduce hospital use among severely ill patients in acute crises and seem to result in comparable clinical/social outcomes and patient satisfaction as standard in-patient care.
Au(111)-supported Platinum Nanoparticles: Ripening and Activity
- Sarah Wieghold, Lea Nienhaus, Armin Siebel, Maximilian Krause, Patricia Wand, Martin Gruebele, Ueli Heiz, Friedrich Esch
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- Journal:
- MRS Advances / Volume 2 / Issue 8 / 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 January 2017, pp. 439-444
- Print publication:
- 2017
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The recent spotlight on supported nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted attention in the field of catalysis and fuel cell technology. Supported NPs can be used as model catalysts to gain a fundamental understanding of the catalytic properties at the interface. Here, especially the wet-chemical preparation of platinum NPs in alkaline ethylene glycol is a powerful approach to synthesize stable particles with a narrow size distribution in the nanometer regime. We combine high resolution imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy with electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry to gain insights into the underlying degradation mechanism of supported platinum NPs, paving the way toward a rational design of supported catalysts with controlled activity and stability.
2 - A SIDE look at computer-mediated interaction
- Edited by Zachary Birchmeier, Miami University, Beth Dietz-Uhler, Miami University, Garold Stasser, Miami University
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- Strategic Uses of Social Technology
- Published online:
- 07 October 2011
- Print publication:
- 22 September 2011, pp 16-39
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Summary
Introduction
The new communications technologies are developing at such a fast pace that it is difficult for research and theorizing to keep up. Although exploring the range of applications and instantiations of the latest forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC), texting, and video-based phone systems provides many useful insights, research and theorizing that lag behind the technological developments will run the risk of being phenomenon- and even technology-driven, making it difficult to anticipate new uses and consequences. In this chapter we therefore adopt a theory-focused approach to make some sense of the effects of the new technologies (as Kurt Lewin said, there is nothing so practical as a good theory), and a primarily experimental methodology to test this. We focus on a theoretical framework that we have developed over a number of years to gain insights into the effects of CMC in social and organizational settings: the SIDE model. We have found this model useful in helping to correct a tendency, in the literature on CMC in particular, to underestimate the role of social influences on and within these technologies, and an equal (and perhaps opposite) tendency to overestimate their capacity to counteract the impact of status and power.
In particular, we think this theoretical model has been useful in helping us to understand (and predict) some of the more counterintuitive findings of behavior found using computer-mediated communication. The idea that people actually conform when isolated from and anonymous to their group is a good example of such an effect explained by the SIDE model. Gender, which is a key focus in the present chapter, also forms an interesting case study in this respect. Much theorizing and research has proposed that women might become more assertive and less submissive when liberated by the anonymity of CMC. Our research suggests that this is not necessarily the case. The SIDE model helps to explicate when and why the technology helps disempowered groups to transcend inequalities of status and power, and when it leaves them more vulnerable to the power divide. Of course, people are not just passively exposed to the effects of technologies such as CMC – a key argument is that they provide strategic opportunities for people to “manage” their identities contra “less mediated” face-to-face communication. So, for example, when women are given the chance to conceal or deceive their gender identity, do they do this, and if so, with what effect? And are these strategies and effects similar for other groups and categories? After outlining our model and providing some evidence of empirical support, we concentrate on the “gender divide” as one important test case, in which the social and power dimensions of these communications technologies in particular can be examined in some detail. Finally, we consider some of the implications of these findings for gender, as well as relations between groups divided by power and status in general.
7 - Facing the future: emotion communication and the presence of others in the age of video-mediated communication
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- By Antony S. R. Manstead, Cardiff University, UK, Martin Lea, University of Manchester, UK, Jeannine Goh, University of Manchester, UK
- Edited by Arvid Kappas, Jacobs University Bremen, Nicole C. Krämer, Universität Duisburg–Essen
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- Book:
- Face-to-Face Communication over the Internet
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 16 June 2011, pp 144-175
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Summary
Overview:Video-mediated communication is about to become a ubiquitous feature of everyday life. This chapter considers the differences between face-to-face and video-mediated communication in terms of co-presence and considers the implications for the communication of emotion, self-disclosure, and relationship rapport. Following initial consideration of the concepts of physical presence and social presence, we describe recent studies of the effect of presence on the facial communication of emotion. We then delve further into the different social psychological aspects of presence, and present a study that investigated how these various aspects independently impact upon self-disclosure and rapport. We conclude by considering how the absence of co-presence in video-mediated interaction can liberate the communicators from some of the social constraints normally associated with face-to-face interaction, while maintaining others and introducing new constraints specific to the medium.
Video-mediated interpersonal interactions are set to become a ubiquitous feature of everyday life. Recent advances in communication technologies, such as affordable broadband access to the internet and the appearance of third-generation mobile phones, mean that the much-heralded advent of the videophone is about to become reality. As video becomes ubiquitous, it places the face center-stage for the communication of emotion on the internet, much as it is in our normal “face-to-face” interactions. Of course the big difference between the face-to-face interactions that we take for granted today and the face-to-face interaction of the future is the absence of physical co-presence. In this new form of visual interaction, actors are separated by distance, communicating via webcams and computers or mobile phones.
5 - Video-linking emotions
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- By Brian Parkinson, University of Oxford, UK, Martin Lea, University of Manchester, UK
- Edited by Arvid Kappas, Jacobs University Bremen, Nicole C. Krämer, Universität Duisburg–Essen
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- Face-to-Face Communication over the Internet
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 16 June 2011, pp 100-126
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Summary
Overview: How does video mediation influence communication of affective information? In the present chapter, we review the range of possible constraints associated with the video medium and consider their potential impact on transmission and coordination of emotions. In particular, we focus on the effects of transmission delays on interpersonal attunement. Results of a preliminary investigation of this issue are described. In the study, pairs of participants discussed liked and disliked celebrities via a desktop videoconferencing system. In one condition, the system was set up in its normal mode, producing a transmission delay of approximately 200 ms (high delay). In the other condition, transmission was close to instantaneous (low delay). Dependent measures included evaluative ratings of the celebrities and of the other party in the conversation and video-cued momentary codings of the interaction. Participants rated the extent of communication difficulties as greater in the normal than in the low-delay condition, but did not specifically focus on delay itself as the source of the problem. Low-delay pairs also showed greater accuracy and lower bias in their momentary ratings of attunement and involvement over the course of the conversation. Finally, there was greater convergence of affect when participants discussed mutually disliked celebrities, but greater divergence of affect when they were talking about celebrities liked by one party to the conversation but disliked by the other. […]
Oil Pollution, Seabirds, and Operational Consequences, around the Northern Isles of Scotland
- Michael G. Richardson, Martin Heubeck, David Lea, Peter Reynolds
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- Journal:
- Environmental Conservation / Volume 9 / Issue 4 / Winter 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2009, pp. 315-321
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Large numbers of seabirds were killed by both acute and chronic oil pollution in the waters around the Northern Isles of Scotland in 1979. These mortalities closely coincided with the opening of the Sullom Voe Terminal in Shetland, the largest of Britain's North Sea oil-ports, and appeared to stem largely from the illegal discharge of ballast water or tank slops from tankers trading to Sullom Voe. By the middle of 1979, the seabird deaths around Orkney and Shetland had accounted for 85% of the British total of that year.
Public and political concern at these events forced the introduction of a number of non-statutory measures designed to eliminate or reduce chronic pollution offshore. In rapid and novel fashion the local authority and oil industry between them achieved a far greater degree of control than formerly over tanker traffic—through the introduction of such schemes as tanker routing, ‘areas of avoidance’, unscheduled aerial surveillance of all tankers, rigorous inspection of ballast quality and quantity, and the introduction through chartering contracts of the necessity for vessels to carry at least 35% ballast on arrival at the port (so providing a strong disincentive to deballast at sea).
Since the introduction of these measures, pollution, in the form of oil and oiled birds coming ashore, has decreased dramatically, and is now at a level which is tolerable, considering the scale of oil-related developments in and around Orkney and Shetland.