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92 Effectiveness of an Academic Medical Center Clinical Research Coordinator Intern Program on Learning and Workforce Expansion
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- Shelly Orr, Shirley Helm, Mary Harmon, Gerry Moeller
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue s1 / April 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2023, p. 26
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- Article
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC) Intern Program was developed to increase knowledge and awareness of CRC’s vital role in conducting clinical studies. Program outcomes are to provide students with marketable skills and knowledge leading to employment within the clinical research ecosystem. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The CRC Intern Program is available to college students for health-related academic courses requiring an internship component. Didactic and experiential learning are incorporated into the program with students imbedded within well-established clinical research teams. Activities include attending IRB meetings, recruitment and enrollment, data collection and entry, and regulatory items. Students complete knowledge pre- and post-assessments (Competency Index for Clinical Research Professionals-CIRCP) via REDCap surveys to assess learner knowledge acquisition and program effectiveness. Demographic, program evaluation, and 3-month follow up survey data are analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Beginning in Spring 2022, the Intern Program has accepted 9 students with 5 completing the program, with 2 of this 5 having been offered employment as CRCs. Preliminary CIRCP assessment data indicates increased CRC knowledge upon Intern Program completion. Demographic data shows that students are mostly female and non-white (43% African American, 29% Hispanic). Additional results from the current cohort will be shared upon program completion. Of note is the development of partnerships with local colleges, including community colleges, to build awareness of the CRC career path and to provide opportunities for CRC exploration resulting in expansion and diversification of the clinical research workforce. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: There is an industry wide shortage of CRCs. Our internship program has provided an effective method to expand and diversify the CRC workforce through knowledge acquisition and application building CRC skills and competencies. Lessons learned and future plans for intern expansion will be discussed.
10 - Napoleon’s Campaigns: Models for “French” Revolutionary Science Abroad and at Home?
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- By Mary Orr
- Edited by Seán Allan, University of St Andrews, Scotland, Jeffrey L. High, California State University, Long Beach
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- Book:
- Inspiration Bonaparte?
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 04 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 15 September 2021, pp 214-236
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Summary
The question in the title of this chapter highlights its reexamination of the national, and nationalizing, narratives of science and war in the Napoleonic period as exemplified in propaganda of the time and in subsequent historiography. For example, French military historians pin the genius of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) as a war strategist on his Corsican heritage and second language acquisition of French, because these credentials enhance the evidence of his indisputable “French-ness.” Similarly, the distinctiveness of France’s engineering, physical, and natural sciences of the period, including the unrivalled preeminence of the reinstituted Jardin du Roi in Paris as the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in 1793, is also largely unchallenged in terms of the politics that determined who had access to its fields, and who became its key “French” Directors and Chairs. By contrast in this chapter, I look beyond essentialist assumptions and constructions of national identity, political allegiance, and scientific contribution by the criteria of birth, mother tongue, and citizenship that take on particular fixity at times of international conflict, to approach Napoleon’s nation-building priorities for First Empire France as a Premier Empire scientifique that also expanded its distinctive “Frenchness.” Especially during the early campaigns in Egypt, the Low Countries, and the Austrian-Germanic States, Napoleon’s expansion of France “abroad” necessarily reconfigures, and transforms, its “home.” By locating Napoleon’s strategic values for French nationhood outside oppositional binary constructs for national identity as defined by victors and vanquished, insiders and outsiders, home and abroad, the chapter also remaps the under-researched inspirations and impacts of Germanic scientific culture and understanding as pivotal to Napoleon’s models for “French” science in the First Empire as expansionist.
Irrespective of their specific geography, the Napoleonic campaigns share key defining features. In this chapter I examine three: Napoleon’s strategic mapping, navigating, and translocating of scientific knowledge and its artifacts. These features configure his global positioning and ambitions for post-Revolutionary France by means of French institutionalization of sciences, and French as their international vernacular for further dissemination. This national story of “advances” and “first discoveries” of the period is selectively incomplete, however, without fuller acknowledgment of “outsider” inspirations, and explanation of their marginalization in official histories of war and science.
8 - Mainstream or Tributary? The Question of ‘Hibernian’ Fishes in William Thompson’s The Natural History of Ireland (1849–56)
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- By Mary Orr
- Edited by Matthew Kelly, Northumbria University, Newcastle
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- Book:
- Nature and the Environment in Nineteenth-Century Ireland
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 08 July 2020
- Print publication:
- 05 November 2019, pp 159-182
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Summary
The main question and arguments of this essay are encapsulated in its title. It examines how geographical (‘Hibernian’) and scientific (‘mainstream’, ‘tributary’) terminologies and systems of classification need to be historicized in a specific period (mid-nineteenth century) on two important accounts. First, the frames of reference for such terminologies and classifications may be different from today. Second, these frames of reference also shaped wider intercultural interactions and exchange. In using seemingly ahistorical river terms and metaphors and classical Latin/‘poetic’ geographies, the title thus draws attention to the need for more careful contextualization and questioning of assumptions about ‘Ireland’. For example, the development of geology, hydrogeology, and ichthyology as major disciplines and new sub-disciplines in nineteenth-century scientific endeavour brought revised scientific terminologies for river systems. An indicative contemporary definition below thus frames this essay, to locate its wider ramifications. In offering the first evaluation of the contributions of William Thompson's The Natural History of Ireland (1849–56) in the history of nineteenth-century ichthyology, this study therefore also re-evaluates the status of ‘Ireland’ in the history of nineteenth-century natural history. By arguing that both Thompson (1805–52) and (nineteenth-century) Ireland merit a more centrally contributory rather than auxiliary positioning in the history of scientific endeavour, the essay challenges the use by historians of allegedly a-temporal river metaphors: they are never culturally or historically neutral. In showing how Thompson's work occupies a more central place on the nineteenth-century scientific map as an important, comparative case study, the essay can then conclude with the ‘modest proposal’ that overtly territorialized and overly terrestrial conceptions of natural history endeavour lose sight of more significantly fluid and inter-connective scientific and cultural understandings of things.
According to Thompson's contemporary, the differently overlooked popularizer of science, Rosina M. Zornlin:
The main or principal stream is designated the recipient stream, because it receives the other streams. … Rivers which flow into the recipient, are termed affluent streams, because they flow towards, and directly into, the recipient stream. … In some instances two rivers unite their streams, and the names of both are lost in a new appellation; thus forming what are termed confluent streams.
73 - Science
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- By Mary Orr, University of St Andrews.
- Edited by Charles Forsdick, Zoë Kinsley, Kathryn Walchester
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- Book:
- Keywords for Travel Writing Studies
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 13 July 2019
- Print publication:
- 22 April 2019, pp 214-216
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Summary
‘Science’ from scientia, knowledge (Latin, then Old French in the eleventh century), originally comprised imaginative, inductive and observational understanding of what could be known, and made knowable. In travel writing studies, science has been more narrowly demarcated: it equates with empirical, expert and imperial European knowledge-gathering missions that were undertaken from the early eighteenth century (Raby 1996; Driver 2000). Scientific travelling and its forms of factual writing – travelogues, field notebooks and journals, official government reports from overseas – therefore focus on the investigative exploration, discovery and ‘bioprospecting’ of (non-European) New Worlds (Jardine et al. 1996; Schiebinger 2004). In consequence the model for the scientific traveller is the European explorer of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, such as James Cook, Alexander von Humboldt and Charles Darwin (Williams 2013).
Science has however always been imparted throughout history by the users of transport and trade routes, and through resource and knowledge collection from territories of the unfamiliar. It has also been purveyed in multiple forms and recording traditions. The prehistoric cave paintings uncovered in 1994 at Pont d'Arc (‘La Grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc’ 2015) testify to sophisticated human understandings of the natural, and supernatural, worlds of the Palaeolithic period, and to advanced technical skills in recording its significance. In more recent millennia, peoples in the world's tundra, desserts and equatorial rainforests have deployed rock art, textiles and narration in song-line, dance and ritual ornamentation of the human body to pass on similar knowledge (scientia) about the forms, maps and phenomena of the outer reaches of known worlds. Other templates for speculative and observational science therefore include astrological monuments, astronomies, epics, (medieval) bestiaries, mappa mundi and portulans. Indeed, in its hybrid mix of real and imagined travel knowledge, postmodern science fiction about new intergalactic worlds only rediscovers the many roots, and routes, of ‘real-imaginary’ Western travel writing traditions, not only Swift's satire Gulliver's Travels (1726) or Voltaire's Micromégas (1752) (Kerslake 2007), but also On the Nature of Things by Lucretius (c.55–c.99 BC), The Geography and Almagest (Astronomy) of Ptolemy of Alexandria (c.90–c.168 AD), the Natural History of Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) and Verne's Voyage au centre de la terre (1864).
Challenges During a Chlorine Gas Emergency Response
- Bryan E. Christensen, Mary Anne Duncan, Sallyann C. King, Candis Hunter, Perri Ruckart, Maureen F. Orr
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 10 / Issue 4 / August 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 March 2016, pp. 553-556
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Objective
A chlorine gas release occurred at a poultry processing plant as a result of an accidental mixing of sodium hypochlorite and an acidic antimicrobial treatment. We evaluated the public health and emergency medical services response and developed and disseminated public health recommendations to limit the impact of future incidents.
MethodsWe conducted key informant interviews with the state health department; local fire, emergency medical services, and police departments; county emergency management; and representatives from area hospitals to understand the response mechanisms employed for this incident.
ResultsAfter being exposed to an estimated 40-pound chlorine gas release, 170 workers were triaged on the scene and sent to 5 area hospitals. Each hospital redistributed staff or called in extra staff (eg, physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists) in response to the event. Interviews with hospital staff emphasized the need for improved communication with responders at the scene of a chemical incident.
ConclusionsWhile responding, hospitals handled the patient surge without outside assistance because of effective planning, training, and drilling. The investigation highlighted that greater interagency communication can play an important role in ensuring that chemical incident patients are managed and treated in a timely manner. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:553–556)
Records of unsuccessful attack by Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on broadleaf trees of questionable suitability in Canada
- Jean J. Turgeon, Chuck Jones, Michael T. Smith, Mary Orr, Taylor A. Scarr, Ben Gasman
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 148 / Issue 5 / October 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 March 2016, pp. 569-578
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Discovery of the non-native Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ontario, Canada, in 2003 led to the implementation of an eradication programme. The plan consisted of removing all infested trees and all trees belonging to a genus considered suitable for complete development of this wood-borer that were found within 400 m of an infested tree; however, many of the trees within that 400 m belonged to genera for which suitability for development of A. glabripennis was questionable or unknown. We visually inspected over 3000 such trees annually for the three years following removal of infested trees. All but one tree were unattacked: an ash (Fraxinus excelsior Linnaeus (Oleaceae)) tree had signs of oviposition and early-instar development, but not of adult emergence. Before that survey, we had found only one other species with questionable suitability, a little leaf linden (Tilia cordata Miller (Malvaceae)) that had many signs of oviposition, but no evidence of full development, suggesting resistance to A. glabripennis. Both of these trees were within 200 m of the most heavily infested maple (Acer platanoides Linnaeus (Sapindaceae)) tree found in that infestation, suggesting that colonisation of trees with questionable or unknown suitability might occur mostly where population pressure is high.
Toolkit for Epidemiologic Response to an Acute Chemical Release
- Mary Anne Duncan, Maureen F. Orr
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 10 / Issue 4 / August 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2016, pp. 631-632
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When a large chemical incident occurs and people are injured, public health agencies need to be able to provide guidance and respond to questions from the public, the media, and public officials. Because of this urgent need for information to support appropriate public health action, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) of the US Department of Health and Human Services has developed the Assessment of Chemical Exposures (ACE) Toolkit. The ACE Toolkit, available on the ATSDR website, offers materials including surveys, consent forms, databases, and training materials that state and local health personnel can use to rapidly conduct an epidemiologic investigation after a large-scale acute chemical release. All materials are readily adaptable to the many different chemical incident scenarios that may occur and the data needs of the responding agency. An expert ACE team is available to provide technical assistance on site or remotely. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:631–632)
Density and location of simulated signs of injury affect efficacy of ground surveys for Asian longhorned beetle
- Jean J. Turgeon, John Pedlar, Peter de Groot, Michael T. Smith, Chuck Jones, Mary Orr, Ben Gasman
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 142 / Issue 1 / February 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 April 2012, pp. 80-96
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Surveys for signs of attack by Asian long-horned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), currently rely upon visual examination of trees to discover signs of attack. By embedding simulated A. glabripennis oviposition pits and exit holes on open-grown Norway maples, Acer platanoides L. (Aceraceae), we evaluated the effect of sign density, height (below or above 2.5m), and position (bole or branch) when foliage was present or absent on inspector ability to distinguish trees with or without signs. From this, we quantified detectability, or the proportion of trees correctly identified as infested, and determined the time taken to do so. Effectiveness in detecting trees with signs improved when sign density increased, when signs were below 2.5m, and when oviposition pits were located on boles and exit holes on branches. These main findings require some caveats, due to a number of significant interactions. Foliage presence/absence had no apparent influence on effectiveness; possible reasons are provided for this result. Time-to-find curves, which illustrated the proportion of inspectors who accurately identified an infested tree as a function of survey duration, revealed that for most treatment combinations, most infested trees were detected within the first 2 min of survey time. These findings provide baseline data to assist managers in designing effective protocols for ground surveys of A. glabripennis.
7 - Death and the post mortem in Flaubert’s works
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- By Mary Orr
- Edited by Timothy Unwin, University of Bristol
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Companion to Flaubert
- Published online:
- 28 May 2006
- Print publication:
- 18 November 2004, pp 105-121
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Summary
If Madame Bovary was brought to trial on account of its perceived indecencies to public and religious morality, particularly on account of the famous, frenetic cab ride around Rouen and the 'sacrilegious' wake at her bedside, the novel's nineteenth-century censors did not detail Emma Bovary's death pangs among their principal objections. Whether considered a 'fitting' punishment for her adulteries or a sacrifice on the altar of Romantic excess or the orders of Patriarchy, her death remains the unquestioned crux of the novel. As the site of its moral, it also highlights Flaubert's implied ethics of art, to show rather than tell. Indeed, Emma's cruelly detailed agony and almost sadistically protracted death have continued to provide grist to Flaubert criticism. Her final death throes have thus stimulated approaches as diverse as sociocritical, psychoanalytic and feminist, and it is this scene too that has fascinated critics who uphold Flaubert the Realist. Frequently cited are the medical accuracy and meticulous ordering of the various stages of death by arsenic poisoning that Emma endures, an attention to medical detail as precise as that of the almost equally famous club-foot operation at the pivotal point in the novel. Conversely, and with equal conviction, critics arguing for the symbolic or mythic import of Flaubert's Madame Bovary will cite the appearance of the blind beggar in her final moments, the significance of Emma's triple coffin, or the decidedly ironic or gnomic ending of this Flaubert novel as indicative of his later novels and short stories. Little critical attention has been paid, however, to the no less problematic and seemingly non-violent deaths that accompany the more visible, violent and hideously graphic ones in Flaubert's works, not least in Madame Bovary.
6 - The Garden of Forking Paths: Intertextuality and Le Jardin des Plantes
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- By Mary Orr, University of Exeter
- Edited by Jean H. Duffy, Alastair Duncan, Jean Duffy
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- Book:
- Claude Simon
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 17 June 2017
- Print publication:
- 31 December 2002, pp 118-134
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Summary
Although Claude Simon cited Borges in interviews and lectures from the late 1960s onwards, his name is absent from the Discours de Stockholm. This is a striking omission given that, in this text, Simon refers in condensed form to the majority of the writers, painters and works of high cultural art of which he had spoken throughout his career as writer. Nor has Borges received much attention from critics as precursor or intertext in Simon's oeuvre in general, or in Le Jardin des Plantes in particular. Yet scrutiny of Borges's The Garden of Forking Paths as intertext in Le Jardin des Plantes offers key insights into the control of interwoven narratives that is central to highly self-referential writing. The first part of this essay offers a comparative reading of Borges to suggest a form of ‘réécriture’ which I term an ‘espionage’ of writing. The second part of this essay then explores some of the more general ways in which Le Jardin des Plantes adds to Simon's oeuvre ‘ as a paradigm of intertextuality in its many guises, on large and small scales and including self quotation'. My intention is to consider ways in which intertextual self-consciousness is given new authorial twists in Le Jardin des Plantes. Not only does Simon reincorporate materials which belong to those early works he assured critics he wanted to forget or deprecated as ‘espèces de fourre-tout’; the Author as persona (contra Barthes) is more alive than ever in Le Jardin des Plantes and reveals his hand in this novel in ways which have not been so visible since the incipit of Orion aveugle. Claude Simon's novels are all so many ways of establishing a ‘final’ version from ‘scénarios’ rewritten from novel to novel, like the many drafts which issued from the pens of a Flaubert or a Proust. As Simon said himself, as early as 1967, ‘mes livres sortent les uns des autres comme des tables gigognes. Je n'aurais pu écrire Histoire sans avoir écrit Le Palace, ni Le Palace sans La Route des Flandres. En général, c'est avec ce qui n'a su être dit dans les livres précédents que je commence un nouveau roman.’ ‘La production du texte’ then takes on meanings beyond those intended by Ricardou, not least in that critic's own intertextual inclusion in Le Jardin des Plantes (JP, 356–57).