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153 results

Page 1 of 8

  • Validation of the imperial psychedelic predictor scale

  • Michael Angyus, Sarah Osborn, Eline Haijen, David Erritzoe, Joseph Peill, Taylor Lyons, Hannes Kettner, Robin Carhart-Harris
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 54 / Issue 12 / September 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 September 2024, pp. 3539-3547
    • Article
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  • Background

    Access to psychedelic drugs is liberalizing, yet responses are highly unpredictable. It is therefore imperative that we improve our ability to predict the nature of the acute psychedelic experience to improve safety and optimize potential therapeutic outcomes. This study sought to validate the ‘Imperial Psychedelic Predictor Scale’ (IPPS), a short, widely applicable, prospective measure intended to be predictive of salient dimensions of the psychedelic experience.

    Methods

    Using four independent datasets in which the IPPS was completed prospectively – two online surveys of ‘naturalistic’ use (N = 741, N = 836) and two controlled administration datasets (N = 30, N = 28) – we conducted factor analysis, regression, and correlation analyses to assess the construct, predictive, and convergent validity of the IPPS.

    Results

    Our approach produced a 9-item scale with good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.8) containing three factors: set, rapport, and intention. The IPPS was significantly predictive of ‘mystical’, ‘challenging’, and ‘emotional breakthrough’ experiences. In a controlled administration dataset (N = 28), multiple regression found set and rapport explaining 40% of variance in mystical experience, and simple regression found set explained 16% of variance in challenging experience. In another (N = 30), rapport was related to emotional breakthrough explaining 9% of variance.

    Conclusions

    Together, these data suggest that the IPPS is predictive of relevant acute features of the psychedelic experience in a broad range of contexts. We hope that this brief 9-item scale will be widely adopted for improved knowledge of psychedelic preparedness in controlled settings and beyond.

  • The Timing of Diagenesis and Thermal Maturation of the Cretaceous Marias River Shale, Disturbed Belt, Montana

  • Stephen G. Osborn, Louise Totten Duffield, W. Crawford Elliott, J. M. Wampler, R. Douglas Elmore, Michael H. Engel
  • Journal:
    Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 62 / Issue 2 / April 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2024, pp. 112-125

  • The hypothesis that chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) in argillaceous rocks may be due to release of Fe during smectite illitization has been tested by study of spatial and temporal relationships of CRM acquisition, smectite illitization, and organic-matter maturation to deformation in the Montana Disturbed Belt. New K-Ar ages and stacking order and percentages of illite layers in illite-smectite (I-S) are consistent with conclusions from previous studies that smectite illitization of bentonites in Subbelts I and II of the Disturbed Belt was produced by thrust-sheet burial resulting from the Laramide Orogeny. Internally concordant, early Paleogene, K-Ar age values (55–57 Ma) were obtained from clay subfractions of thick bentonites which were significantly different in terms of their ages (i.e. Jurassic Ellis Formation and late Cretaceous Marias River Shale), further supporting a model of smectite illitization as a result of the Laramide Orogeny. Internally concordant K-Ar ages were found also for clay sub-fractions from a thick bentonite at Pishkun Canal (54 Ma) and from an undeformed bentonite near Vaughn on the Sweetgrass Arch (48 Ma). In Subbelts I and II, a greater degree of smectite illitization corresponds to increased thermal maturation, increased natural remanent magnetization intensity, and increased deformation (dip of beds). A dissolution-precipitation model over a short duration is proposed for the formation of illite layers in Subbelts I and II. A characteristic remanent magnetization was developed before or just after folding began in the early Paleogene. More smectite-rich I-S, low thermal maturity, and the absence of a CRM were noted in one outcrop of an undeformed rock on the Sweetgrass Arch. Strontium isotope data allow for the possibility that internal or externally derived fluids may have influenced illitization, but the K-Ar age values suggest that illitization was probably in response to conductive heating after the overthrusting had occurred. The differences in K-Ar dates among the bentonites studied herein may be due to differences in the timing of peak temperature related to differences in distance below the overthrust slab, in rates of burial and exhumation, and in initial temperature.

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