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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. 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Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. 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Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. 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Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
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- By Benjamin Acloque, Yacine Daddi Addoun, Kofi Anyidoho, Felicitas Becker, Alice Bellagamba, Klara Boyer-Rossol, Alessandra Brivio, Benjamin Claude Brower, Francesca Declich, E. S. D. Fomin, Paolo Gaibazzi, Trevor Getz, Sandra E. Greene, Bruce S. Hall, Bayo Holsey, Hilary Jones, Martin A. Klein, George Michael La Rue, Ghislaine Lydon, Kristin Mann, Elisabeth McMahon, Ismael M. Montana, Bruce L. Mouser, Olatunji Ojo, Richard Roberts, Marie Rodet, Ute Röschenthaler, Benedetta Rossi, Dana Rush, Mohammed Bashir Salau, Ahmadou Sehou, Silke Strickrodt, Hideaki Suzuki, Jeanne Maddox Toungara, Pierluigi Valsecchi
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- By Candice A. Alfano, J. Todd Arnedt, Alon Y. Avidan, Ruth M. Benca, Jed E. Black, Katy Borodkin, Kirk J. Brower, Ritchie E. Brown, Daniel J. Buysse, Dani Choufani, Deirdre A. Conroy, Samuele Cortese, Yaron Dagan, Joel E. Dimsdale, Karl Doghramji, Fabio Ferrarelli, Marcos G. Frank, Philip R. Gehrman, Chad C. Hagen, J. Allan Hobson, Magdolna Hornyak, Thomas D. Hurwitz, Anna Ivanenko, Andrew D. Krystal, Michel Lecendreux, In-Soo Lee, Robert W. McCarley, James T. McKenna, Valerie McLaughlin Crabtree, Thomas A. Mellman, Marta Novak, Michael Perlis, Aimee L. Pierce, David T. Plante, Donn Posner, Allen C. Richert, Dieter Riemann, Carlos H. Schenck, Michael Schredl, Gregory Stores, Andras Szentkiralyi, Michael E. Thase, Wendy M. Troxel, John W. Winkelman
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- Foundations of Psychiatric Sleep Medicine
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- 23 December 2010, pp vii-x
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- By Joëlle Adrien, M. Y. Agargun, Negar Ahmadi, Imran M. Ahmed, J. Todd Arnedt, Joseph Barbera, Simon Beaulieu-Bonneau, Marie E. Beitinger, Francesco Benedetti, Glenn Berall, Kirk J. Brower, Gregory M. Brown, Kumaraswamy Budur, Daniel P. Cardinali, Deirdre A. Conroy, Sara Dallaspezia, José Manuel de la Fuente, Paolo De Luca, Diana De Ronchi, Antonio Drago, Matthew R. Ebben, Irshaad Ebrahim, Pingfu Feng, Peter B. Fenwick, Lina Fine, Jonathan Adrian Ewing Fleming, Paul A. Fredrickson, Stephany Fulda, Lucile Garma, Roger Godbout, Reut Gruber, J. Allan Hobson, Andrea Iaboni, Anna Ivanenko, Mayumi Kimura, Milton Kramer, Christoph J. Lauer, Remy Luthringer, Luis Fernando Martínez, Sara Matteson-Rusby, Robert W. McCarley, Charles J. Meliska, Harvey Moldofsky, Charles M. Morin, Sricharan Moturi, Marie-Christine Ouellet, James F. Pagel, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Barbara L. Parry, Timo Partonen, Wilfred R. Pigeon, Thomas Pollmächer, Nathalie Pross, Elliott Richelson, Naomi L. Rogers, Stefan Rupprecht-Mrozek, Philip Saleh, Andreas Schuld, Alessandro Serretti, Colin M. Shapiro, Christopher Michael Sinton, Marcel G. Smits, D. Warren Spence, Jürgen Staedt, Corinne Staner, Luc Staner, Axel Steiger, Deborah Suchecki, Michael J. Thorpy, Inna Voloh, Bradley G. Whitwell, Robert A. Zucker
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1 - Retreat from secularism in Arab nationalist and socialist thought
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 19-47
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Summary
Secular ideologies, particularly Arab nationalism and socialism, dominated the landscape of Arab political thought throughout much of the 1950s and 1960s. But as early as 1966, the Palestinian political scientist, Ibrahim Abu-Lughod (1929–2001), had begun to detect signs of a “retreat from the secular path” among intellectuals in the Arab region. The waning appeal of secular ideologies became increasingly apparent in the wake of the Arab–Israeli war of 1967, even though many of the first criticisms that emerged as part of the “self-criticism after the defeat” remained largely secular in character, with some intellectuals on the left asserting an even more uncompromisingly anti-religious stance. With the Arab–Israeli war of 1973, the idea that a unified Arab front was a precondition for successfully confronting Israel was challenged by state-based or more particularist Arab approaches to overcoming the weakness of Arab states vis-à-vis Israel. However, it is in the aftermath of the Islamic revolution in Iran that one sees most clearly not only a sharp rise in Islamist critiques of secular ideologies, but also the emergence of “new partisans of the heritage” (turathiyyun judud) from a seemingly unlikely source: within the ranks of Arab nationalists and socialists.
This chapter examines the political thought of various Arab nationalist and socialist intellectuals in whose writings one can detect development over time from a decidedly secular perspective to a reconsidered position that either places greater emphasis on Islamic authenticity as a necessary component of a national awakening or attempts to synthesize aspects of their thinking with Islamism.
Acknowledgments
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp vi-vii
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Index
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 193-198
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Cambridge Middle East Studies
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 199-200
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Conclusion: Ideological rapprochement, accommodation, transformation – and their limits
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 175-179
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Summary
This book presents analysis of the intellectual and historical antecedents of contemporary cases of cross-ideological coordination among various oppositional elements that have traditionally opposed each other. As such, it responds to those who think that the spontaneity and often haphazard protest activity in the streets of Cairo and the surprising formalization of a socialist-Islamist opposition bloc in Sana'a lack antecedents, lack thinking, lack constructive political programs, and lack political (or ideological or intellectual) significance. The origin, character, and significance of these instances of contentious politics is only revealed through fuller examination of the individuals, trends, and groups that have instigated and justified these alliances, and undertaken the intellectual groundwork that contributed to their emergence.
1) Origins: what are the circumstances that have brought historical rivals together? While certainly particular political, economic, social, and other material conditions contributed to the emergence of the current wave of protest politics in Egypt and the oppositional bloc in Yemen, there is a tendency to see the actions as merely reactive: merely the result of electoral disputes, or a response to events in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, or as a result of the Bush administration's Greater Middle East Initiative, or as a reaction to globalization. Certainly this is part of the story. However, consideration of the intellectual antecedents, of increased willingness of ideological foes to reconsider and reformulate their perspectives, of the considerable dialog and ijtihad undertaken that predate the particular events and policies these groups and individuals ally to address, and of the ideological and conceptual framework of the construct, are an equally essential part of the story.
Introduction: Ideological thought and practice in the Arab region
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 1-18
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Summary
Arab nationalism and Islamism have proven two of the most potent ideological forces in the Arab region over the past century. On the one hand, the two trends would seem to possess a number of natural affinities. Muslims are keenly aware of the central role played by Arabs and Arabic in the development of Islamic civilization. In the words of the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hasan al-Banna (1906–1949): “Islam arose among Arabs and reached other nations through the Arabs. Its noble book is in Arabic. It is found in the traditions that ‘when Arabs are denigrated, Islam is denigrated … Arabs are the guardians of Islam’.” So too, Arab nationalists have acknowledged the special place Islam occupies in Arab civilization: not only is Islam the religion of the vast majority of Arabs, but Islam's golden age corresponds with one of the most celebrated periods in Arab history. Ba'th Party founder Michel ‘Aflaq (1910–1989) affirmed this relation in claiming that “Islam … was an Arab movement and its meaning was the renewal and completion of Arabism.”
However, even when Arab nationalists and Islamists have found themselves facing a common enemy – such as corrupt and authoritarian regimes that seek their marginalization or suppression – they have most commonly proven to be each other's worst enemy. Throughout the contemporary period their relationship has been better characterized as competitive and hostile than as cooperative and complementary, as each of the two ideologies has fought for pride of place in the hearts and minds of people in the region.
Bibliography
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 180-192
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4 - The Egyptian Movement for Change: Intellectual antecedents and generational conflicts
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 109-137
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On June 8, 2006, around 700 activists, lawyers, and journalists convened at the Lawyers’ Syndicate in Cairo to speak out against the ongoing detention of political activists and in support of the judges who were fighting for the independence of the judiciary and the lawyers who were to be tried for publication of the “blacklist” of judges allegedly complicit in vote-rigging during the 2005 parliamentary elections. The event featured speakers from the Muslim Brotherhood, the Revolutionary Socialists, the Nasirist-leaning Karama Party, the Islamist Labor Party, the liberal Ghad Party, the Egyptian Movement for Change (better known as Kifaya), the leftist Tagammu’ Party, as well as various human rights groups. Muntasir al-Zayyat, an Islamist lawyer best known for his defense of the blind Shaykh ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Rahman and for his writing of an Ayman al-Zawahiri biography, gave the first speech, welcoming all in the name of the lawyers’ syndicate and calling for the various organizations represented “to be united under these circumstances.” “These are,” he proclaimed, “the worst of times.” Zayyat thanked Kifaya and the Muslim Brotherhood in particular “for grabbing this opportunity for us” to fight for political reform and other issues of common concern. A member of the Ghad Party, speaking on behalf of his party's chairman, Ayman Nur (b. 1964), who remains in prison on charges of forging signatures to obtain a license for his party, followed Zayyat in sending “his regards and gratitude to the Muslim Brothers and Kifaya for their role in the fight.”
Glossary
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp viii-x
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Political Ideology in the Arab World
- Accommodation and Transformation
- Michaelle L. Browers
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009
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Arab nationalism and Islamism have been the two most potent ideological forces in the Arab region across the twentieth century. Over the last two decades, however, an accommodation of sorts has been developing between liberals, socialists and Islamists, to protest unpopular foreign and domestic policies, such as those aimed at cooperation with Israel or the war in Iraq. By examining the writings of Arab nationalist, socialist and Islamist intellectuals, and through numerous interviews with political participants from different persuasions, Michaelle Browers traces these developments from the 'Arab age of ideology', as it has been called, through an 'age of ideological transformation', demonstrating clearly how the recent flow of ideas from one group to another have their roots in the past. Political Ideology in the Arab World assesses the impact of ideological changes on Egypt's Kifaya! [Enough!] movement and Yemen's joint meeting parties.
3 - Framing a cross-ideological alliance
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 77-108
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Summary
Much of the intellectual basis for development of cross-ideological alliances in the region has been provided by the works of Arab nationalist and leftist intellectuals who have increasingly looked to Islamic sources in their accounts of the Arab nation and the writings of various Islamists who have sought to present a more moderate and inclusive vision of Islam. In many respects, the members of these ideological groupings have been brought together by the imperatives of politics and history. Arab nationalists and leftists have sought to tap into the popular appeal Islamism seems to hold. Islamists have looked to Arab nationalists and leftists as allies in resisting the harassment and imprisonment of their members and in bypassing various restrictions on their political activity. Cooperation has been encouraged not only by domestic issues (such as closed political systems), but also regional issues (such as lack of progress in Palestine and increased US intervention in Iraq and other parts of the Gulf) and global issues (such as globalization and international anti-globalization activism). As noted in the previous chapter, “moderate” in the context of these political trends should not be mistaken for non-confrontational or pro-Western.
Interactions among the intellectuals discussed in the first two chapters have both contributed to – and been facilitated by – a series of forums, conferences, and dialogs that have enabled members of a wide variety of groups to develop personal relationships and mutual understandings, and which have proven pivotal in coordinating political activities in a number of contexts. The various forums are different in significant ways, revealing varying scopes (global, regional, and local) and distinct agendas and purposes. Some of the forums seem to have their origins in intellectual projects.
5 - Yemen's Joint Meeting Parties: Origins and architects
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 138-174
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Summary
In November 2005, the secretary-generals of Yemen's largest Islamist party, the Reform Gathering (al-tajammu 'al-yamani lil-islah, hereafter, Islah); the Socialist Party (YSP) that ruled the south prior to unification; the Popular Nasirist Unity Organization; and a small party consisting largely of liberal Zaydi intellectuals, the Union of Popular Forces (UPF), announced the publication of “The Program of the Joint Meeting for Political and National Reform” in a joint press conference. The conservative Zaydi Party, al-Haq, also signed the document. In July 2006, these same five parties upped the ante of their alliance by nominating Faysal bin Shamlan, a former oil minister and independent member of parliament, to oppose Yemeni president ‘Ali ‘Abdullah Salih's bid for re-election. The composition of the oppositional alliance that has come to be known as the Joint Meeting Parties (ahzab al-liqa al-mushtarak [JMP]) is particularly surprising when one considers that since unification in 1990 the ruling General People's Conference (almu' tamar al-sha'bi al-'am [GPC]) and President Salih have sought to pit the two main parties to the agreement – the YSP and Islah – against each other through a process of alliance with – or bolstering of – one at the expense of the other. As recently as 1994, these two parties were literally killing each other in Yemen's War of Succession. The JMP joins groups committed to secularism with groups committed to implementing Islamic law (shari'a), Zaydi Shi'is with Shafi'i Sunnis, and Islamists with socialists and Arab nationalists. How did such ideologically opposed groupings come together to stand under a common platform and behind a single presidential candidate? What is the significance of this alliance for Yemeni politics?
2 - A more inclusive Islamism? The wasatiyya trend
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Political Ideology in the Arab World
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- 22 January 2010
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- 14 May 2009, pp 48-76
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Summary
Just as the failure of Arab nationalist regimes in the Arab–Israeli wars accounts for some of the transformations among leftist and Arab nationalist intellectuals, so too one might identify an historic event that lent particular urgency to the development of a moderate trend in Islam: the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat by the Islamic Jihad group in October 1981. Many of the leading theorists of the Islamic revival (al-sahwa al-islamiyya) sought to distinguish their position from the political turmoil engulfing the country and from the extremist forces that contributed to its emergence. In doing so, they began articulating principles that have been characterized as moderate or centrist (wasatiyya). Other scholars have called these individuals “the new Islamists” and emphasize their focus on intellectual activity rather than on political organizing. The Islamist movement has been criticized for the dearth and lack of specificity of political thought coming out of their movement. In many ways, these individuals fill that intellectual vacuum in Islamist discourse.
The individuals associated with this trend consist primarily of Egyptian Islamists – such as Muhammad al-Ghazali (1917–1996), Yusuf al-Qaradawi (b. 1926), Fahmi Huwaydi (b. 1936), Kamal Abu al-Majd (b. 1930), Muhammad al-'Imara (b. 1931), and Muhammad Salim al-'Awa (b. 1942). However, at least one Egyptian Copt, Rafiq Habib (b. 1959), espouses similar ideas and has aligned himself politically with ideas and thinkers characterized as wasatiyya, and the influence of many of these figures extends far beyond Egypt.
Contents
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
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- Book:
- Political Ideology in the Arab World
- Published online:
- 22 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 14 May 2009, pp v-v
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- Chapter
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Frontmatter
- Michaelle L. Browers, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Political Ideology in the Arab World
- Published online:
- 22 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 14 May 2009, pp i-iv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation