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Chaper 7 - Forms of Knowledge and Modes of Innovation
- from Part III - ECONOMICS OF KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING
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- By Morten Berg Jensen, Aarhus University, Denmark, Björn Johnson, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark, Edward Lorenz, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France, Bengt-Åke Lundvall, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bengt-Ake Lundvall
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- Book:
- The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 22 July 2017
- Print publication:
- 01 December 2016, pp 155-182
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- Chapter
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter is about the tension between two ideal type modes of learning and innovation. One mode is based on the production and use of codified scientific and technical knowledge namely Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) mode, while the other one is an experience-based mode of learning through Doing, Using and Interacting (DUI-mode). At the level of the firm, this tension may be seen in the need to reconcile knowledge management strategies prescribing the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as tools for codifying and sharing knowledge with strategies emphasizing the role played by informal communication and communities of practice in mobilizing tacit knowledge for problem solving and learning.
The tension between the STI-and DUI-modes corresponds to two different approaches to national innovation systems: One perspective focusing on the role of formal processes of R&D that produce explicit and codified knowledge and another perspective focusing on the learning from informal interaction within and between organizations resulting in competence building often with tacit elements.
There is, of course, an important body of empirical and historical work showing that both these modes of learning and innovation play a role in most sectors, the role being different depending on the sector characteristics as well as the strategy of the firm (von Hippel 1976; Rothwell 1977; Rosenberg 1982; Pavitt 1984). Recent models of innovation emphasize that innovation is an interactive process in which firms interact both with customers and suppliers and with knowledge institutions (Freeman 1986; Kline and Rosenberg 1986; Lundvall 1988; Vinding 2002).
Despite the broad acceptance of this literature, there remains a bias among scholars and policymakers to consider innovation processes largely as aspects connected to formal processes of R&D, especially in the science-based industries. At the policy level, this can be seen in the emphasis on benchmarking variables related to STI and in the focus on instruments such as tax subsidies to R&D, the training of scientists in high-tech fields such as ICT, bio and nanotechnology and strengthening the linkages between firms and universities in these specific fields. At the level of scholarly research, there is a tendency to expect that the increasing reliance on science and technology in the ‘knowledge-based economy’ will enhance the role played by formal processes of R&D requiring personnel with formal science and technology qualifications.
ATTITUDES AND BARRIERS TOWARD MINI-HTA IN THE DANISH MUNICIPALITIES
- Lars Ehlers, Morten Berg Jensen
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 28 / Issue 3 / July 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 September 2012, pp. 271-277
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- Article
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Background: In 2008 the Danish National Board of Health launched an information campaign aimed at introducing mini-HTA as a management and decision support tool for the municipalities. Today (January 2012), mini-HTA is still not used regularly in the municipalities.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the latent attitudes toward mini-HTA among ninety-three participants in five voluntary workshops on mini-HTA held in the period of May 2008 to February 2009.
Methods: In a questionnaire including three open questions respondents were asked to state their perception of what mini-HTA could be used for in the municipality, the main barriers for using mini-HTA, and what could make it easier to implement mini-HTA. Answers were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using binary coding and statistical examination of patterns in form of R-factor analysis.
Results: The four significant latent attitudes were a general acceptance of HTA-principles, a derived need for a political/managerial decision to use mini-HTA in the municipality, worries about barriers in the medium run, and worries about barriers in the short run.
Conclusions: A national information campaign to support the uptake of mini-HTA in local health-care institutions was insufficient in the Danish municipalities and should have been supplemented with a strategy to secure local political/managerial willingness to use mini-HTA and the removal of short- and medium-term barriers. The implementation of local HTA should not just be seen as a question of how to increase the use of evidence in decision-making, but as a matter of reforming local decision processes.