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Notes on contributors
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- By James Eli Adams, Joseph Bristow, Oliver S. Buckton, Barbara Caine, Richard Cave, David Clifford, Harry Cocks, Matt Cook, Joseph Donohue, Richard Dorment, Sos Eltis, Helen Freshwater, Josephine M. Guy, Ellis Hanson, Merlin Holland, Russell Jackson, Jarlath Killeen, Leon Litvack, Ruth Livesey, Jerusha McCormack, Michèle Mendelssohn, Susan Owens, Kerry Powell, Steven Price, Peter Raby, Mark Ravenhill, John Paul Riquelme, Anthony Roche, Sean Ryder, Jan-Melissa Schramm, Ian Small, Philip E. Smith, Margaret D. Stetz, John Stokes, Mark W. Turner, Lynn Voskuil, Marcus Waithe
- Edited by Kerry Powell, Miami University, Peter Raby, Homerton College, Cambridge
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- Book:
- Oscar Wilde in Context
- Published online:
- 18 December 2013
- Print publication:
- 12 December 2013, pp xvi-xxii
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Contributors
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- By Saleh H. Alwasel, Susan P. Bagby, David J. P Barker, Richard Boyd, Robert Boyd, Graham Burdge, Graham J Burton, Anthony M Carter, Irene Cetin, Zoe Cole, Cyrus Cooper, Hilary Critchley, Elaine Dennison, Susie Earl, Johan G Eriksson, Caroline H. D Fall, Anne C. Ferguson-Smith, Tom P. Fleming, Alison J. Forhead, Abigail L. Fowden, Dino Giussani, Laura Goodfellow, Nicholas Harvey, Christopher Holroyd, Joan Hunt, Alan A. Jackson, Thomas Jansson, Eric Jauniaux, Rosalind John, Eero Kajantie, Michelle Lampl, Karen Lillycrop, Charlie Loke, Samantha Louey, Per Magnus, Ashley Moffett, Lorna G. Moore, Terry Morgan, Clive Osmond, Perrie F. O'Tierney, Robert Pijnenborg, Lucilla Poston, Theresa L. Powell, Elizabeth J. Radford, Tessa J. Roseboom, Amanda Sferruzzi-Perri, Colin P. Sibley, Gordon C. S. Smith, Emanuela Taricco, Kent Thornburg, Benjamin Tycko, Owen R. Vaughan, Lisbeth Vercruysse
- Edited by Graham J. Burton, David J. P. Barker, Ashley Moffett, Kent Thornburg
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- Book:
- The Placenta and Human Developmental Programming
- Published online:
- 04 February 2011
- Print publication:
- 16 December 2010, pp vii-x
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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A linkage study of schizophrenia with DNA markers from the long arm of chromosome 11
- M. Gill, P. McGuffin, E. Parfitt, R. Mant, P. Asherson, D. Collier, H. Vallada, J. Powell, S. Shaikh, C. Taylor, M. Sargeant, A. Clements, S. Nanko, N. Takazawa, D. Llewellyn, J. Williams, S. Whatley, R. Murray, M. Owen
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 23 / Issue 1 / February 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2009, pp. 27-44
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We report the results of a collaborative linkage study using 12 polymorphic markers (9 loci) from the long arm of chromosome 11, and 24 families multiply affected with schizophrenia and other closely related disorders. This region is of interest because several families have been reported in which balanced translocations involving 11q apparently co-segregate with psychotic illness. In addition, the dopamine D2 receptor, porphobilinogen deaminase, and tyrosinase genes map within the region studied and may be aetiologically involved in schizophrenia. We have primarily analysed genotypic data by the LOD score method using a range of single gene models. In order to minimize error due to mis-specification of genetic parameters we have analysed data from markers at candidate gene loci by the non-parametric extended sib-pair method in addition to the LOD score method. Our results suggest that most of the region can be excluded from containing a gene of major effect in the aetiology of this disease.
Commentary
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp 153-185
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Summary
K. 454 Theoretical argument … From this opening paragraph Galen clearly has in mind the epistemological debate about the nature of medical knowledge. On the one hand there was the view that it could be revealed by a theoretical approach, one which we might now call deductive but which at that time was termed Rational or Dogmatic (the Greek dogma meaning, among other things, doctrine). The holders of this view, a rather diverse group, stressed the importance of a knowledge of anatomy and physiology, and of understanding the obscure as well as the evident causation of disease. One the other hand there was another view that all therapeutic (and more generally, medical) knowledge was the outcome of experience alone, an approach which we might term inductive, but which then, as indeed now, was referred to as Empirical (from the Greek empeiria, meaning experience). And so there were those practitioners who were called Rationalists and those termed Empiricists. A third group of Methodists held quite different views. They did not deny that elements of both the Rationalist and Empiricist positions were of interest, but they did deny that treatment should be based upon them. Instead they postulated three body states, the constricted, the lax and the mixed, which determine the nature of therapy. They also held the view that all of medicine could be learnt in a few months, and required no prior education in philosophy, mathematics and the like.
Ancient sources
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
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- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp 192-194
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Appendix II - List of fishes
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
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- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp 190-191
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Galen: On the Properties of Foodstuffs
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell
- Foreword by John Wilkins
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- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 January 2003
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This book presents a translation of and detailed commentary on Galen's De alimentorum facultatibus - his major work on the dynamics and kinetics of various foods. It is thus primarily a physiological treatise rather than a materia medica or a work on pathology. Galen commences with a short section on the epistemology of medicine, with a discussion on the attainment, through apodeixis or demonstration, of scientific truth - a discussion which reveals the Aristotelian roots of his thinking. The text then covers a wide range of foods, both common and exotic. Some, such as cereals, legumes, dairy products and the grape, receive an emphasis that reflects their importance at the time; others are treated more cursorily. Dr Powell, an expert in gastroenterology, discusses Galen's terminology and the background to his views on physiology and pathology in his introduction, while John Wilkins' foreword concentrates on the structural and cultural aspects of the work.
Frontmatter
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
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- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp i-vi
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Preface
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
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- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp xxiii-xxv
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Summary
The text of On the Properties of Foodstuffs upon which this translation is based is that edited by Georg Helmreich in 1923 for the Corpus Medicorum Graecorum series. As has now become conventional, the pagination of the much older edition of Karl (sometimes Carl) Gottlob Kühn is given in the margin. This has advantages both for greater precision in internal cross-referencing where this is needed, and for tying the commentary to the text. Items that receive mention in the commentary are identified by asterisks in the text.
The titles of all ancient sources are given in English. These, with the more traditional Latin titles, appear in a separate list of ancient sources. Throughout the translation and commentary, all Greek words and phrases are given in conventional transliteration. I have kept transliteration of terminology to a minimum but, given Galen's frequent discussion of alternative spellings (or names), some transliteration is necessary to make sense of his statements, as it is for the very few terms that resist satisfactory translation. In a few footnotes the Greek font is used where this seems likely to be helpful. All translated quotations from ancient sources are attributed to their translators, and where there is no such attribution the translation is my own.
Throughout the translation I have made use of both round and square brackets. The former enclose what I take to be in the nature of parenthetical remarks by Galen.
References
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
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- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp 195-198
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Introduction
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp 1-19
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Summary
For one and one half millennia Galen of Pergamum influenced the practice of medicine in the Western world, and for rather longer in some parts outside it. That in the hands of his successors this influence became stultifying and inhibitory of progress was no fault of his, although critics, from Paracelsus in the sixteenth century to others in the present day, have tried to diminish his importance. Yet even fifty years ago, when antibiotic therapy was in its infancy and synthetic pharmaceuticals were far less common than now, any pharmacy in the Western world would have stocked a range of basic medicaments known as ‘galenicals’ – tinctures, syrups, extracts and the like – which were the building blocks for many of the prescribed medicines of the time. Nor was the term merely a memorial, for many of these galenicals stood in a direct line of succession from Galen's own medicaments. Indeed some were virtually identical, and used for much the same purposes that he had recommended. And to this day his views on foods from vegetable sources are referred to with obvious sincerity in some modern herbals.
I commence this introduction by discussing the man and his work in general terms. After this I deal with several matters that arise so frequently throughout the book that it seems better to discuss them now than to make repeated comment as the work proceeds.
Contents
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
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- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp vii-viii
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Acknowledgements
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
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- 16 January 2003, pp xxvi-xxvi
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Foreword by John Wilkins
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Book:
- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 January 2003, pp ix-xxii
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Summary
Owen Powell is the latest in a long line of scholarly doctors who have interpreted the works of Galen for later practitioners and readers. Oribasius in the fourth century and Kühn in the nineteenth are two of the most famous, but behind these two lie many others who commented upon, translated or commissioned treatises or excerpts that still, in some cases, survive as manuscripts and printed books. All these doctors continue the work that Galen himself set in place as he tried to make the texts of the Hippocratic and Hellenistic doctors work for his own time. Powell in his introduction and commentary describes clearly the physiology of Galen's digestive system, and how that system compares with human digestion as now understood by medical science. Galen does not explain his system in full in this treatise, but refers to it in the introductory chapter and at various later points. It is a feature of the work to define its terms of reference and direct the reader elsewhere if an item falls outside those guidelines. I return below to navigational aids provided by Galen in his text. The purpose of this foreword is to complement Powell's introduction by exploring some points that he makes only in passing. The two major areas I aim to address concern the social and cultural world in which Galen was writing and the methods he used in attempting to collect and classify foods in the treatise.
Appendix I - List of plants
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Book:
- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 January 2003, pp 186-189
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Index
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Book:
- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 January 2003, pp 199-206
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Galen's medical and scientific terminology
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
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- Book:
- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 January 2003, pp 20-28
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Summary
Translation of ancient Greek ‘scientific’ texts presents a number of problems and reliance upon the standard dictionaries is risky. These depend upon the accuracy of sources of information that may have been dubious to start with or, more likely, may have been superseded by advances in knowledge or changes in terminology or taxonomy.
In On the Properties of Foodstuffs the problems relate both to the medical and to the non-medical content. For my part, however, the medical content has been the more difficult to interpret, and this despite my professional life having been spent in medicine. Or perhaps because of it!
Questions of interpretation aside, there is the prior problem of translating terminology, and here there are some difficulties that apply specifically to the translation of ancient medical texts. A good deal has been written on this subject by philologists such as Chantraine as well as by a number of other classicists, of whom Lloyd has made the most valuable contribution in English, dealing especially with anatomy. The translator of Galen's On the Use of the Parts has also given an account of the problems she faced. Among the identified causes perhaps the most important is the Greek lack of an agreed, consistent, stable and unambiguous scientific language. In our own time we have been able to use Greek or Latin (sometimes Arabic) to provide names, or elements for word-building, but the Greeks had nothing (or did not think to useing anything) of the sort.
Translation
- Galen
- Edited and translated by Owen Powell, University of Queensland
- Foreword by John Wilkins, University of Exeter
-
- Book:
- Galen: <I>On the Properties of Foodstuffs</I>
- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 January 2003, pp 29-152
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Summary
Book I
Many of the finest physicians have written about the properties of K. VI foods, taking the subject very seriously since it is about the most valuable 453 of any in medicine. For while we do not invariably make use of other resources, life without food is impossible, be we well or ill. So it is understandable that most of the best physicians have been concerned to 454 examine its properties in some detail, some alleging that they had come to know them from experience alone, others wanting to employ theoretical argument as well, while still others considered this latter to be the most important.
Now, if in their writings about food they were in agreement about everything (as is the case with people who write about geometry and arithmetic), there would now be no need for me to take the trouble to write again about the same things in addition to so many such men. But since by holding differing views they have raised suspicions about one another (for they cannot all be speaking the truth!) we must become impartial judges and put what they have said to the test. For without demonstration it is wrong to put one's confidence in one more than the others.
9 - Universities as creators and retailers of intellectual property: Life-sciences research and commercial development
- Edited by Burton A. Weisbrod, Northwestern University, Illinois
- Foreword by Kenneth J. Arrow
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- To Profit or Not to Profit
- Published online:
- 30 November 2009
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- 13 September 1998, pp 169-194
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Introduction
Over the past decade there has been a remarkable shift in the division of labor among universities, industry, and the federal government. In our view, this transformation is most pronounced in the life sciences and the commercial fields of medicine, Pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. The post–cold war focus of federal science and technology policy on “competitiveness” has been noted by many observers, and the intensified interest in basic research and collaborative product development by large private corporations in various high-technology fields has been widely studied. However, the accompanying change in the mandate of research universities toward a greater focus on commercializing research findings is much less understood. Our goal in this chapter is to enhance the understanding of the ways in which the relationship between universities and the private economy has changed, particularly in the life sciences. We highlight the primary forces that have blurred the traditionally distinct roles of the academy and industry, illustrating these trends with data from the life sciences. We review several explanations for this transformation, and conclude with a discussion of its consequences both for public policy and for the institutional role of universities as generators and disseminators of basic knowledge.
Throughout much of the post–World War II era there was a relatively clear distinction between basic and applied research, with the former the domain of the university and the latter the turf of business. The federal government, outside of defense-related research, supported the creation of an infrastructure for basic research and, through the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), funded individual scientists as well.