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46 - The British Pavilion at Aichi Expo 2005
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- By Paul Madden
- Edited by Hugh Cortazzi
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- Book:
- Britain & Japan Biographical Portraits Vol X
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 07 May 2022
- Print publication:
- 01 June 2016, pp 521-530
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
SINCE LONDON'S GREAT Exhibition in 1851, cities around the world have vied to showcase themselves and the latest wonders of human creativity by hosting World Fairs or, as they have been called since Montreal in 1967, ‘Expos’.
The decision to host an Expo has often reflected a wish to show the growing importance of the country and city hosting it. Expos have also been used to boost local industry and culture and attract tourists.
Japan's first Expo, in 1970 in Osaka, was one of the most successful Expos of all time, with 64 million visitors, a number only surpassed by Shanghai, fortyyears later. A ‘portrait’ of that extravaganza by Sir John Pilcher, British ambassador to Japan at that time, was contained in Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits, volume IX. Japan also hosted smaller, specialised Expos in Okinawa in 1975, Tsukuba in 1985 and Osaka in 1990. The British pavilion at Expo 70 was designed by the Central Office of Information and the UK took part in a small way in the other specialised expos.
AICHI 2005
Japan's decision to host a major Expo in 2005 in Nagakute, Aichi prefecture, about 13 km from Nagoya, Japan's fourth city, was the brainchild of Dr Toyoda Eiji, President and later Chairman of the Toyota Motor Corporation. The company's Toyota City car plant lies 20 km from the Expo site. Dr Toyoda had a vision of bringing the world to his hometown.
Unlike many Expos, Aichi was located in a relatively rural area, some way out of Nagoya. It was not intended to support urban regeneration. In fact, the theme chosen was ‘Nature's Wisdom’ and, with a strong emphasis on sustainability, pavilions were designed with the aim of minimum temporary or permanent environmental impact.
By the end of the twentieth century in the UK and some other countries, there was a growing sense that Expos were an outmoded means of promoting the national brand. In a world of mass global travel, and the rapid dissemination of information via the internet, many – particularly in finance ministries – questioned the benefits of spending money on funding national pavilions at these periodic world fairs. Moreover, Aichi's location, not in one of Japan's mega cities, and not in a hub on the world travel circuit, suggested that the Expo might fail to attract significant numbers of visitors – Japanese or international.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Conduction and Disorder in Y3NbO7 - Zr2Y2O7
- Dario Marrocchelli, Paul A. Madden, Stefan T. Norberg, Stephen Hull
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1126 / 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 1126-S06-07-PP05-07
- Print publication:
- 2008
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The construction of interaction potentials for the Y0.5+0.25xNb0.25xZr0.5–0.5xO1.75 system, on a purely ab-initio basis, is described. These potentials accurately reproduce experimental data on both the structure and the dynamics of these systems; the computer simulations also reproduce the experimental trend of the conductivity, which decreases as x increases, and of the level of static disorder within the O2− sublattice, which increases with x. A detailed analysis of these phenomena shows that the static disorder in Y3NbO7 is caused by the high Nb5+ charge and that in this material the conduction is heterogeneous, i.e. some anions are completely immobile while some others are very mobile. The role of the cation sublattice is explained in detail.
7 - Bearing the costs of human–wildlife conflict: the challenges of compensation schemes
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- By Philip J. Nyhus, Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, USA, Steven A. Osofsky, Wildlife Conservation Society, USA, Paul Ferraro, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, USA, Francine Madden, Washington, DC, USA, Hank Fischer, National Wildlife Federation, Northern Rockies Natural Resource Center, USA
- Edited by Rosie Woodroffe, University of California, Davis, Simon Thirgood, Zoological Society, Frankfurt, Alan Rabinowitz, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York
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- Book:
- People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence?
- Published online:
- 23 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 25 August 2005, pp 107-121
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
As the cases in this volume vividly illustrate, human conflict with wildlife is a significant – and growing – conservation problem around the world. The risk of wildlife damage to crops, livestock and human lives provides incentives for rural residents to kill wildlife and to reduce the quantity and quality of habitat on private and communal lands.
Recognition among conservationists that the cost of conserving large and sometimes dangerous animals is often borne disproportionately by farmers and others living closest to wildlife has spawned strategies to reduce this imbalance. One popular response is to compensate rural residents for the costs of wildlife damage. By spreading the economic burden and moderating the financial risks to people who coexist with wildlife, conservationists hope to reduce the negative consequences of human–wildlife conflict.
Few systematic efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of these programmes or the best way to implement and manage these schemes for endangered species (Sillero-Zubiri and Laurenson 2001). In this chapter, we build on our recent study (Nyhus et al. 2003) which asked whether compensation programmes really help endangered species in conflict with humans. We surveyed 23 international experts in large mammal conservation to learn about common pitfalls associated with running a compensation programme and the resources that managers need to succeed. Here, we also draw on additional published studies and reviews to explore the role of compensation in resolving conflicts between people and wildlife.
Study of Fluoride Ion Motions in PbSnF4 and BaSnF4 Compounds With Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Solid State NMR Techniques
- Santanu Chaudhuri, Michael Castiglione, Francis Wang, Mark Wilson, Paul A. Madden, Clare P. Grey
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 658 / 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 March 2011, GG10.9
- Print publication:
- 2000
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A combined approach, using solid state NMR and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, has been employed in this work to investigate fluoride-ion motion in the PbSnF4 family of anionic conductors, materials that contain double layers of Sn2+ and M2+ cations. 19F MAS NMR spectra of PbSnF4 and BaSnF4 show that the fluoride ions are mobile on the NMR timescale (10−4 s), even at room temperature. In the case of BaSnF4, two different groups of fluoride ions were observed, one group corresponding to fluorine atoms between the layers of Ba2+ cations, and the other set, corresponding to mobile fluoride ions undergoing exchange between sites in the Ba-Sn and Sn-Sn layers. The 119Sn NMR suggests a highly distorted Sn environment in these compounds, consistent with the presence of stereoactive Sn lone pairs. MD simulations, using the Polarizable Ion Model, have been carried out to probe the conduction mechanism. These simulations are able to reproduce elements of the structure such as the reduction in the occupancy of the fluorine ions between the Sn-Sn layers. Anisotropic conductivity, involving primarily motion in the M-Sn layers, is predicted, consistent with the NMR results. In the case of BaSnF4, no motion involving the fluoride ions in the Ba-Ba layers is observed on the simulation timescale (10−12 s) and a cyclic mechanism of fluoride-ion motion involving two types of fluoride ions in the Ba-Sn layers is proposed.
In Situ SEM Observations of Electromigration Voids in Al Lines under Passivation
- Paul A. Flinn, Michael C. Madden, Thomas N. Marieb
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- Journal:
- MRS Bulletin / Volume 19 / Issue 6 / June 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 November 2013, pp. 51-55
- Print publication:
- June 1994
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Since the early work of Ilan Blech and Gene Meieran more than 20 years ago, electromigration (mass transport produced in a metallic conductor by current flow) has been recognized as an important reliability hazard for solid-state electronic devices. The continuing shrinkage of dimensions in VLSI devices has resulted in a continuing increase in the current density in the interconnection lines and a corresponding increase in the potential electromigration hazard. Although there have been improvements in the materials and structures used for interconnections, notably the addition of copper to aluminum and the use of layered structures, the provision of an adequate margin of safety has become increasingly difficult and is an important constraint on both device design and process development.
High Resolution Observation of Void Motion in Passivated Metal Lines Under Electromigration Stress
- Michael C. Madden, Edward V. Abratowski, Thomas Marieb, Paul A. Flinn
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 265 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 33
- Print publication:
- 1992
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Using a 120 kV STEM equipped with a backscattered electron detector and operated as a conventional SEM. voids in metal lines can be detected through 1 μm of passivation. By applying current to passivated thin metal lines while in the microscope, voids can be observed while electromigration is in progress. Voids move significant distances during electromigration. On at least some occasions. failure of the line is not the result of a void growing until the width of the line is reached. On these occasions, when the size of the void approaches the width of the line. the void breaks up into smaller voids.
Some Social Characteristics of Early Nazi Party Members, 1919–23
- Paul Madden
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- Journal:
- Central European History / Volume 15 / Issue 1 / March 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 December 2008, pp. 34-56
- Print publication:
- March 1982
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A requisite for determining the nature of a political movement is identifying the segments of society which provide its base of support. In the case of German National Socialism, however, historians and political scientists have often neglected an empirical analysis of the social composition of the party membership, concentrating instead on its “program,” its leadership, and its organization. From these aspects of Nazism, they have deduced that the movement must have had great appeal for certain dissatisfied groups in German society during the interwar period, and that those groups in fact made up the bulk of the party's rank-and-file members.