2 results
33 - Heat budget of the north Indian oceanic surface during MONSOON-77
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- By R. Ramanadham, Andhra University, S. V. S. Somanadham, Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, India, R. R. Rao, National Institute of Oceanography, India
- James Lighthill, R. P. Pearce
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- Book:
- Monsoon Dynamics
- Published online:
- 05 November 2011
- Print publication:
- 19 March 1981, pp 491-508
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Summary
The energy budget components at selected areas of the north Indian Ocean during different epochs of the summer monsoon period of 1977 are investigated. Marine meteorological data collected by the four-USSR-Ship-Polygon (MONSOON-77 Experiment) are used to evaluate net radiation, latent and sensible heat exchanges, and the net heat gain by the oceanic surface. Variations of these parameters are critically examined in relation to the fluctuations in surface pressure gradient force (∇p) and surface relative vorticity (ζ) which are taken as measures of atmospheric instability. Significant differences are found in the heat budget components during different monsoon periods over both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Introduction
The large-scale flow patterns associated with the Indian summer monsoon have been described by many workers as being associated with the annual cycle of solar radiation and the differential heating of the land and sea surfaces. This approach broadly explains the onset and the existence of the monsoon, but it cannot explain the fluctuations and variability of monsoon activity. Attempts have recently been made to investigate the air-sea interaction over the north Indian Ocean along the track of the low-level monsoonal flow. Studies by Saha (1970,1974) and Ellis (1952) indicated that the sea-surface temperature (SST) may have an important influence on the monsoonal flow and the associated rainfall. Shukla (1975) suggested that an SST anomaly of a few degrees centigrade over the western part of the Arabian Sea could have a significant effect upon the monsoonal precipitation in the neighbourhood of the Indian subcontinent.
13 - On the onset of the Indian southwest monsoon and the monsoon general circulation
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- By I. Subbaramayya, Andhra University, R. Ramanadham, Andhra University
- James Lighthill, R. P. Pearce
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- Book:
- Monsoon Dynamics
- Published online:
- 05 November 2011
- Print publication:
- 19 March 1981, pp 213-220
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Summary
The problem of the onset of the southwest monsoon over India is critically reviewed and the need for a procedure to objectively determine the northern limit of the monsoon (NLM) during the period of its advance is brought out. A procedure suggested by Subbaramayya and Bhanukumar (1977) has been used including the satellite cloud pictures for demarcating the NLM during the 1977 period of the advance of the monsoon.
The nature of the three-dimensional circulation of the Asian summer monsoon constructed by the authors of this chapter is reappraised and the important branches of the circulation are pointed out. It is suggested that this model of the general circulation is to be further examined using extensive aerological data.
Introduction
The southwest monsoon season is the rainy season for the Indian sub-continent and this monsoon accounts for more than 80%; of the annual rainfall. The total rainfall in the period June to September amounts to about 3.8 × 1015 kg. Its value at the rate of 1 paisa a pot of water comes to 13 000 billion rupees, and therefore it is a very important recurring natural resource to the country. Similar amounts of rainfall are given by this monsoon to several countries in south and southeast Asia and therefore it is an important meteorological phenomenon of great economic significance. Meteorologically, it is equally important because the heat liberated by the monsoon rains in the free atmosphere over the Indian region is about 8.4 × 1021 J in the monsoon season.
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