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5 - PD games: death comes to planning
- Edited by Olivier Sykes, University of Liverpool, John Sturzaker, University of Hertfordshire
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- Book:
- Planning in a Failing State
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 27 March 2024
- Print publication:
- 23 November 2023, pp 72-86
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Summary
Introduction
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a human must be in want of a healthy home. Planning has been tasked with enabling this want for over 70 years, yet in English planning’s current emaciated state, it is struggling to ensure that housing is healthy. The fortunes of England’s population are growing further apart (ONS, 2021). While all its citizens share the same human rights according to the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as part of the International Bill of Human Rights, the UK’s unwritten constitution does not actually include the ‘right to healthy housing’. Increasingly, it appears that the ability of citizens in England to actuate their international human right is devolved to their financial capacity. Variation in the quality of housing is not new, but the minimum quality for new housing development, which has been required since 1947, has been absent in much of a new form of housing development: permitted development.
Since 2010, there have been significant changes in the process of obtaining permission for much new housing development in England. Broadly, these deregulatory national changes have allowed the conversion and extension of housing that would not have been permitted through local planning permission.
This chapter explores the expansion of permitted development rights to allow the conversion of non-residential uses to homes. It does so with a particular focus on neighbourhood health, providing new evidence of the problematic assumption in permitted development that housing should be allowed regardless of local amenities and the built environment of existing buildings. Our neighbourhood-health-based approach should be considered complementary to the excellent extant analysis of the quality of the physical structures of dwellings by Clifford et al (2018), on which this analysis builds directly and for which it seeks to provide corroborating evidence (see, for example, Madeddu and Clifford, 2021).
A pastiche aside
Lizzy was looking forward to seeing her friend again. Travelling south from the fine county of Derbyshire, the train line cut through miles of green, purple and gold manicured moorland. Looking out the windows, which ran almost the full length of the train, Lizzy saw estates merge into pastureland, past isolated oaks and pylons strung together to provide electricity to disparate settlements. The train was quiet.
2 - The (housing) numbers game
- Edited by Olivier Sykes, University of Liverpool, John Sturzaker, University of Hertfordshire
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- Book:
- Planning in a Failing State
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 27 March 2024
- Print publication:
- 23 November 2023, pp 19-37
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Summary
Introduction
In April 2010, the average house price in England was £177,000; by April 2021, it was £268,000 (HM Land Registry, 2021) – an increase of more than double the average annual inflation of 2 per cent (Bank of England, 2022). Private rents have increased in line with incomes by an average of 1.9 per cent per annum since the start of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition government (ONS, 2021a). In 2010, the average weekly local authority rent was £68; in 2020, it was £86. Over the same period, registered-provider rents increased from an average of £78 to £94 (MHCLG, 2021a), both inflating above earnings. Between 2012 and 2020, homelessness increased by 40,000 households, and projections are for this to continue rising under the current welfare and housing system (Fitzpatrick et al, 2021). In 2010, 65.2 per cent of dwellings were owner-occupied; in 2020, that had fallen to 63.8 per cent (MHCLG, 2021b). Affordable housing has been officially redefined so that new housing statistics include dwellings at 80 per cent of market rent and price, which remain unaffordable for low-income earners in many parts of the country. First-time buyers have been given support since 2013 through two new help-to-buy schemes, with the government effectively underwriting mortgages, though with little impact on housing affordability. Taxes on private landlords and second homeowners have increased, while local authority borrowing restrictions have been partially relaxed to enable further local authority housing delivery. The threshold for stamp duty land tax was lowered by the Coalition government in 2010, then the system was changed from a slab to a slice approach in 2015. In 2020, following the growth in COVID-19, a stamp duty land tax ‘holiday’ was introduced to encourage house sales to continue through the pandemic.
This list reveals that there are numerous challenges associated with housing numbers across accessibility, availability and supply. In this chapter, we explore the current state of planning for housing in England, focusing on one of the key reductionisms: housing numbers. Housing numbers have become the dominant discourse in local and national housing and planning policies, and are a colloquial euphemism for variously the amount of housing supply required, permitted and delivered.
An ultra-wide bandwidth (704 to 4 032 MHz) receiver for the Parkes radio telescope
- George Hobbs, Richard N. Manchester, Alex Dunning, Andrew Jameson, Paul Roberts, Daniel George, J. A. Green, John Tuthill, Lawrence Toomey, Jane F. Kaczmarek, Stacy Mader, Malte Marquarding, Azeem Ahmed, Shaun W. Amy, Matthew Bailes, Ron Beresford, N. D. R. Bhat, Douglas C.-J. Bock, Michael Bourne, Mark Bowen, Michael Brothers, Andrew D. Cameron, Ettore Carretti, Nick Carter, Santy Castillo, Raji Chekkala, Wan Cheng, Yoon Chung, Daniel A. Craig, Shi Dai, Joanne Dawson, James Dempsey, Paul Doherty, Bin Dong, Philip Edwards, Tuohutinuer Ergesh, Xuyang Gao, JinLin Han, Douglas Hayman, Balthasar Indermuehle, Kanapathippillai Jeganathan, Simon Johnston, Henry Kanoniuk, Michael Kesteven, Michael Kramer, Mark Leach, Vince Mcintyre, Vanessa Moss, Stefan Osłowski, Chris Phillips, Nathan Pope, Brett Preisig, Daniel Price, Ken Reeves, Les Reilly, John Reynolds, Tim Robishaw, Peter Roush, Tim Ruckley, Elaine Sadler, John Sarkissian, Sean Severs, Ryan Shannon, Ken Smart, Malcolm Smith, Stephanie Smith, Charlotte Sobey, Lister Staveley-Smith, Anastasios Tzioumis, Willem van Straten, Nina Wang, Linqing Wen, Matthew Whiting
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 37 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2020, e012
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We describe an ultra-wide-bandwidth, low-frequency receiver recently installed on the Parkes radio telescope. The receiver system provides continuous frequency coverage from 704 to 4032 MHz. For much of the band ( ${\sim}60\%$ ), the system temperature is approximately 22 K and the receiver system remains in a linear regime even in the presence of strong mobile phone transmissions. We discuss the scientific and technical aspects of the new receiver, including its astronomical objectives, as well as the feed, receiver, digitiser, and signal processor design. We describe the pipeline routines that form the archive-ready data products and how those data files can be accessed from the archives. The system performance is quantified, including the system noise and linearity, beam shape, antenna efficiency, polarisation calibration, and timing stability.
Contributors
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- By Graeme J.M. Alexander, Heung Bae Kim, Michael Burch, Andrew J. Butler, Tanveer Butt, Roy Calne, Edward Cantu, Robert B. Colvin, Paul Corris, Charles Crawley, Hiroshi Date, Francis L. Delmonico, Bimalangshu R. Dey, Kate Drummond, John Dunning, John D. Firth, John Forsythe, Simon M. Gabe, Robert S. Gaston, William Gelson, Paul Gibbs, Alex Gimson, Leo C. Ginns, Samuel Goldfarb, Ryoichi Goto, Walter K. Graham, Simon J.F. Harper, Koji Hashimoto, David G. Healy, Hassan N. Ibrahim, David Ip, Fadi G. Issa, Neville V. Jamieson, David P. Jenkins, Dixon B. Kaufman, Kiran K. Khush, Heung Bae Kim, Andrew A. Klein, John Klinck, Camille Nelson Kotton, Vineeta Kumar, Yael B. Kushner, D. Frank. P. Larkin, Clive J. Lewis, Yvonne H. Luo, Richard S. Luskin, Ernest I. Mandel, James F. Markmann, Lorna Marson, Arthur J. Matas, Mandeep R. Mehra, Stephen J. Middleton, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani, Charles Miller, Sharon Mulroy, Faruk Özalp, Can Ozturk, Jayan Parameshwar, J.S. Parmar, Hari K. Parthasarathy, Nick Pritchard, Cristiano Quintini, Axel O. Rahmel, Chris J. Rudge, Stephan V.B. Schueler, Maria Siemionow, Jacob Simmonds, Peter Slinger, Thomas R. Spitzer, Stuart C. Sweet, Nina E. Tolkoff-Rubin, Steven S.L. Tsui, Khashayar Vakili, R.V. Venkateswaran, Hector Vilca-Melendez, Vladimir Vinarsky, Kathryn J. Wood, Heidi Yeh, David W. Zaas, Jonathan G. Zaroff
- Edited by Andrew A. Klein, Clive J. Lewis, Joren C. Madsen
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- Book:
- Organ Transplantation
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 11 August 2011, pp vii-x
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