2 results
199 - Toxoplasma
- from Part XXIV - Specific organisms: parasites
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- By Roderick Go, SUNY School of Medicine at Stony Brook, Benjamin J. Luft, Stony Brook University Hospital
- Edited by David Schlossberg, Temple University, Philadelphia
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- Book:
- Clinical Infectious Disease
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
- Print publication:
- 23 April 2015, pp 1279-1284
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
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Summary
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Although it has long been recognized as a serious congenital disease, it is only with the advent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the increased use of immunosuppressive therapy that toxoplasmosis has reached epidemic proportions.
Humans are incidental hosts in the life cycle of T. gondii. Acute infection occurs via ingestion of meats or water contaminated with tissue cysts or tachyzoites or by handling cats, the definitive host. Once the human host develops an adequate immune response, tissue cysts are formed and a chronic or latent infection ensues. Antibodies against T. gondii will be present in serum for life. When a chronically infected person becomes immunocompromised, particularly with defects in cell-mediated immunity, devastating reactivation of the latent infection may occur.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
In the immunocompetent host, primary infection is often asymptomatic. Acute infection can mimic the symptoms of mononucleosis with a common manifestation of cervical or occipital lymphadenopathy. The lymph nodes usually are nontender, are nonsuppurative, and persist for less than 4 to 6 weeks. Infrequently, toxoplasmosis can lead to myocarditis, hepatitis, polymyositis, pneumonitis, and encephalitis.
Toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised patient is most commonly manifested by toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), usually alone but sometimes as part of a multiorgan infection. Isolated organ involvement without central ner- vous system (CNS) disease is uncommon. In the AIDS patient, TE usually develops when the CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 100/mm3, although the risk of developing overt infection begins when CD4 counts fall below 200/mm3.
197 - Toxoplasma
- from Part XXIV - Specific Organisms – Parasites
-
- By Roderick Go, SUNY School of Medicine at Stony Brook, Benjamin J. Luft, SUNY School of Medicine at Stony Brook
- Edited by David Schlossberg
-
- Book:
- Clinical Infectious Disease
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
- Print publication:
- 12 May 2008, pp 1365-1370
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Although it has long been recognized as a serious congenital disease, it is only with the advent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the increased use of immunosuppressive therapy that toxoplasmosis has reached epidemic proportions.
Humans are incidental hosts in the life cycle of T. gondii. Acute infection occurs via ingestion of meats or beverages contaminated with tissue cysts or tachyzoites or by handling cats, the definitive host. Once the human host develops an adequate immune response, tissue cysts are formed and a chronic or latent infection ensues. Antibodies against T. gondii will be present in serum for life. When a chronically infected person becomes immunocompromised, particularly with defects in cell-mediated immunity, devastating reactivation of the latent infection may occur.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
Toxoplasmosis in the AIDS patient is most commonly manifested by toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), usually alone but sometimes as part of a multiorgan infection. Isolated organ involvement without central nervous system (CNS) disease is uncommon. In most cases, TE develops when the CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 100 mm3, although the risk of developing overt infection begins when CD4 counts fall below 200 mm3. The clinical manifestations of TE are protean, including signs and symptoms of focal or generalized neurologic dysfunction or more commonly both, depending on the number, size, and location of the lesions.